如何在Python中使类或方法抽象?
我尝试像这样重新定义__new__():
class F:
def __new__(cls):
raise Exception("Unable to create an instance of abstract class %s" %cls)
但是现在，如果我创建一个从F继承的类G，像这样:
class G(F):
pass
然后，我也不能实例化G，因为它调用它的超类的__new__方法。
是否有更好的方法来定义抽象类?
当前回答
老式的(pre-PEP 3119)方法是在调用抽象方法时在抽象类中引发NotImplementedError。
class Abstract(object):
def foo(self):
raise NotImplementedError('subclasses must override foo()!')
class Derived(Abstract):
def foo(self):
print 'Hooray!'
>>> d = Derived()
>>> d.foo()
Hooray!
>>> a = Abstract()
>>> a.foo()
Traceback (most recent call last): [...]
它没有像使用abc模块那样好的属性。您仍然可以实例化抽象基类本身，并且直到在运行时调用抽象方法时才会发现错误。
但是如果您处理的是一小组简单类，可能只有几个抽象方法，那么这种方法比费力地查阅abc文档要容易一些。
其他回答
老式的(pre-PEP 3119)方法是在调用抽象方法时在抽象类中引发NotImplementedError。
class Abstract(object):
def foo(self):
raise NotImplementedError('subclasses must override foo()!')
class Derived(Abstract):
def foo(self):
print 'Hooray!'
>>> d = Derived()
>>> d.foo()
Hooray!
>>> a = Abstract()
>>> a.foo()
Traceback (most recent call last): [...]
它没有像使用abc模块那样好的属性。您仍然可以实例化抽象基类本身，并且直到在运行时调用抽象方法时才会发现错误。
但是如果您处理的是一小组简单类，可能只有几个抽象方法，那么这种方法比费力地查阅abc文档要容易一些。
我发现公认的答案和其他答案都很奇怪，因为它们把self传递给了一个抽象类。抽象类没有实例化，所以不能有self。
试试这个吧，很管用。
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):
@staticmethod
@abstractmethod
def foo():
"""An abstract method. No need to write pass"""
class Derived(Abstract):
def foo(self):
print('Hooray!')
FOO = Derived()
FOO.foo()
这个将在python3中工作
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):
@abstractmethod
def foo(self):
pass
Abstract()
>>> TypeError: Can not instantiate abstract class Abstract with abstract methods foo
晚些时候回答这里，但要回答另一个问题“如何做出抽象方法”哪一点在这里，我提供如下。
# decorators.py
def abstract(f):
def _decorator(*_):
raise NotImplementedError(f"Method '{f.__name__}' is abstract")
return _decorator
# yourclass.py
class Vehicle:
def add_energy():
print("Energy added!")
@abstract
def get_make(): ...
@abstract
def get_model(): ...
类基类Vehicle仍然可以实例化用于单元测试(与ABC不同)，并且python会引发异常。哦，是的，为了方便起见，您还可以使用此方法在异常中获得抽象的方法名。
Most Previous answers were correct but here is the answer and example for Python 3.7. Yes, you can create an abstract class and method. Just as a reminder sometimes a class should define a method which logically belongs to a class, but that class cannot specify how to implement the method. For example, in the below Parents and Babies classes they both eat but the implementation will be different for each because babies and parents eat a different kind of food and the number of times they eat is different. So, eat method subclasses overrides AbstractClass.eat.
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class AbstractClass(ABC):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
super().__init__()
@abstractmethod
def eat(self):
pass
class Parents(AbstractClass):
def eat(self):
return "eat solid food "+ str(self.value) + " times each day"
class Babies(AbstractClass):
def eat(self):
return "Milk only "+ str(self.value) + " times or more each day"
food = 3
mom = Parents(food)
print("moms ----------")
print(mom.eat())
infant = Babies(food)
print("infants ----------")
print(infant.eat())
输出:
moms ----------
eat solid food 3 times each day
infants ----------
Milk only 3 times or more each day
