没有什么比点击源代码，看看人们是如何在常用的库中实际完成它的了;让我们特别看看一个C库实现。我选择了uLibC。

这是sin函数:

http://git.uclibc.org/uClibc/tree/libm/s_sin.c

看起来它处理了一些特殊情况，然后执行一些参数约简，将输入映射到范围[-pi/4,pi/4]，(将参数分成两部分，一个大的部分和一个尾巴)，然后调用

http://git.uclibc.org/uClibc/tree/libm/k_sin.c

然后作用于这两个部分。 如果没有尾巴，则使用13次多项式生成近似答案。 如果有尾巴，根据sin(x+y) = sin(x) + sin'(x')y的原理，你会得到一个小的修正

使用泰勒级数，试着找出级数项之间的关系这样你就不用一遍又一遍地计算了

下面是一个关于余窦的例子:

double cosinus(double x, double prec)
{
    double t, s ;
    int p;
    p = 0;
    s = 1.0;
    t = 1.0;
    while(fabs(t/s) > prec)
    {
        p++;
        t = (-t * x * x) / ((2 * p - 1) * (2 * p));
        s += t;
    }
    return s;
}

使用这个，我们可以得到新的和项使用已经使用的和项(我们避免阶乘和x2p)

在GNU libm中，sin的实现依赖于系统。因此，您可以在sysdeps的适当子目录中找到每个平台的实现。

一个目录包含一个由IBM贡献的C语言实现。自2011年10月以来，这是在典型的x86-64 Linux系统上调用sin()时实际运行的代码。它显然比汇编指令中的f_f快。源代码:sysdeps/ieee754/dbl-64/s_sin.c，查找__sin (double x)。

这段代码非常复杂。没有一种软件算法在整个x值范围内尽可能快且准确，因此库实现了几种不同的算法，它的第一项工作是查看x并决定使用哪种算法。

When x is very very close to 0, sin(x) == x is the right answer. A bit further out, sin(x) uses the familiar Taylor series. However, this is only accurate near 0, so... When the angle is more than about 7°, a different algorithm is used, computing Taylor-series approximations for both sin(x) and cos(x), then using values from a precomputed table to refine the approximation. When |x| > 2, none of the above algorithms would work, so the code starts by computing some value closer to 0 that can be fed to sin or cos instead. There's yet another branch to deal with x being a NaN or infinity.

这段代码使用了一些我以前从未见过的数值技巧，尽管据我所知，它们可能在浮点专家中很有名。有时几行代码需要几段文字来解释。例如，这两条线

double t = (x * hpinv + toint);
double xn = t - toint;

(有时)用于将x减小到接近0的值，该值与x相差π/2的倍数，特别是xn × π/2。这种没有划分或分支的方式相当聪明。但是没有任何评论!

旧的32位版本的GCC/glibc使用fsin指令，这对于某些输入是非常不准确的。有一篇精彩的博客文章用两行代码说明了这一点。

fdlibm在纯C中实现sin要比glibc简单得多，而且注释很好。源代码:fdlibm/s_sin.c和fdlibm/k_sin.c

它如何做到这一点的本质在于杰拉德·惠特利的《应用数值分析》节选:

当你的软件程序要求计算机获取一个值时 或者，你有没有想过它是如何得到 如果它能计算的最强大的函数是多项式? 它不会在表中查找这些并进行插值!相反, 计算机逼近除多项式以外的所有函数 一个多项式，可以精确地给出值。

上面要提到的几点是，一些算法实际上是从表中插值的，尽管只是在前几次迭代中。还要注意它是如何提到计算机利用近似多项式而没有指定哪种类型的近似多项式。正如本文中其他人指出的那样，在这种情况下，切比雪夫多项式比泰勒多项式更有效。

OK kiddies, time for the pros.... This is one of my biggest complaints with inexperienced software engineers. They come in calculating transcendental functions from scratch (using Taylor's series) as if nobody had ever done these calculations before in their lives. Not true. This is a well defined problem and has been approached thousands of times by very clever software and hardware engineers and has a well defined solution. Basically, most of the transcendental functions use Chebyshev Polynomials to calculate them. As to which polynomials are used depends on the circumstances. First, the bible on this matter is a book called "Computer Approximations" by Hart and Cheney. In that book, you can decide if you have a hardware adder, multiplier, divider, etc, and decide which operations are fastest. e.g. If you had a really fast divider, the fastest way to calculate sine might be P1(x)/P2(x) where P1, P2 are Chebyshev polynomials. Without the fast divider, it might be just P(x), where P has much more terms than P1 or P2....so it'd be slower. So, first step is to determine your hardware and what it can do. Then you choose the appropriate combination of Chebyshev polynomials (is usually of the form cos(ax) = aP(x) for cosine for example, again where P is a Chebyshev polynomial). Then you decide what decimal precision you want. e.g. if you want 7 digits precision, you look that up in the appropriate table in the book I mentioned, and it will give you (for precision = 7.33) a number N = 4 and a polynomial number 3502. N is the order of the polynomial (so it's p4.x^4 + p3.x^3 + p2.x^2 + p1.x + p0), because N=4. Then you look up the actual value of the p4,p3,p2,p1,p0 values in the back of the book under 3502 (they'll be in floating point). Then you implement your algorithm in software in the form: (((p4.x + p3).x + p2).x + p1).x + p0 ....and this is how you'd calculate cosine to 7 decimal places on that hardware.

请注意，在FPU中大多数硬件实现的超越操作通常涉及一些微码和类似的操作(取决于硬件)。 切比雪夫多项式用于大多数先验多项式，但不是全部。例:使用Newton raphson方法的两次迭代，首先使用查询表，使用平方根更快。 同样，《计算机逼近》这本书会告诉你。

If you plan on implmementing these functions, I'd recommend to anyone that they get a copy of that book. It really is the bible for these kinds of algorithms. Note that there are bunches of alternative means for calculating these values like cordics, etc, but these tend to be best for specific algorithms where you only need low precision. To guarantee the precision every time, the chebyshev polynomials are the way to go. Like I said, well defined problem. Has been solved for 50 years now.....and thats how it's done.

Now, that being said, there are techniques whereby the Chebyshev polynomials can be used to get a single precision result with a low degree polynomial (like the example for cosine above). Then, there are other techniques to interpolate between values to increase the accuracy without having to go to a much larger polynomial, such as "Gal's Accurate Tables Method". This latter technique is what the post referring to the ACM literature is referring to. But ultimately, the Chebyshev Polynomials are what are used to get 90% of the way there.

享受。

关于sin()， cos()，tan()这样的三角函数，在5年之后，没有提到高质量三角函数的一个重要方面:极差约简。

任何这些函数的早期步骤都是将角度(以弧度为单位)减小到2*π区间。但是π是无理数，所以像x =余数(x, 2*M_PI)这样的简单简化会引入误差，因为M_PI或机器pi是π的近似值。那么，如何求x =余数(x, 2*π)呢?

早期的库使用扩展精度或精心设计的编程来提供高质量的结果，但仍然在有限的double范围内。当请求一个较大的值，如sin(pow(2,30))时，结果是无意义的或0.0，并且可能将错误标志设置为TLOSS完全损失精度或PLOSS部分损失精度。

将大的值缩小到像-π到π这样的区间是一个具有挑战性的问题，它可以与基本三角函数(比如sin())本身的挑战相媲美。

一个好的报告是大论点的论据缩减:好到最后一位(1992)。它涵盖了这个问题很好:讨论了需要和事情是如何在各种平台(SPARC, PC, HP, 30+其他)，并提供了一个解决方案算法，为所有双从-DBL_MAX到DBL_MAX的高质量结果。

如果原始参数以度为单位，但可能值很大，则首先使用fmod()以提高精度。一个好的fmod()将不会引入任何错误，从而提供出色的范围缩小。

// sin(degrees2radians(x))
sin(degrees2radians(fmod(x, 360.0))); // -360.0 < fmod(x,360) < +360.0

各种三角恒等式和remquo()提供了更多的改进。示例:信德()