你如何从给定的N个数字中测试所有可能的加法组合,使它们加起来得到给定的最终数字?

一个简单的例子:

要添加的数字集:N ={1,5,22,15,0,…} 期望结果:12345


当前回答

func sum(array : [Int]) -> Int{
    var sum = 0
    array.forEach { (item) in
        sum = item + sum
    }
    return sum
}
func susetNumbers(array :[Int], target : Int, subsetArray: [Int],result : inout [[Int]]) -> [[Int]]{
    let s = sum(array: subsetArray)
    if(s == target){
        print("sum\(subsetArray) = \(target)")
        result.append(subsetArray)
    }
    for i in 0..<array.count{
        let n = array[i]
        let remaning = Array(array[(i+1)..<array.count])
        susetNumbers(array: remaning, target: target, subsetArray: subsetArray + [n], result: &result)
        
    }
    return result
}

 var resultArray = [[Int]]()
    let newA = susetNumbers(array: [1,2,3,4,5], target: 5, subsetArray: [],result:&resultArray)
    print(resultArray)

其他回答

在Haskell:

filter ((==) 12345 . sum) $ subsequences [1,5,22,15,0,..]

J:

(]#~12345=+/@>)(]<@#~[:#:@i.2^#)1 5 22 15 0 ...

正如您可能注意到的,两者都采用相同的方法,并将问题分为两部分:生成幂集的每个成员,并检查每个成员与目标的和。

还有其他的解决方案,但这是最直接的。

在这两种方法中,你是否需要帮助,或者找到另一种方法?

PHP版本,灵感来自Keith Beller的c#版本。

bala的PHP版本不适合我,因为我不需要对数字进行分组。我想要一个更简单的实现,只有一个目标值和一个数字池。这个函数也会删除任何重复的条目。

编辑25/10/2021:添加精度参数以支持浮点数(现在需要bcmath扩展)。

/**
 * Calculates a subset sum: finds out which combinations of numbers
 * from the numbers array can be added together to come to the target
 * number.
 *
 * Returns an indexed array with arrays of number combinations.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 * <pre>
 * $matches = subset_sum(array(5,10,7,3,20), 25);
 * </pre>
 *
 * Returns:
 *
 * <pre>
 * Array
 * (
 *   [0] => Array
 *   (
 *       [0] => 3
 *       [1] => 5
 *       [2] => 7
 *       [3] => 10
 *   )
 *   [1] => Array
 *   (
 *       [0] => 5
 *       [1] => 20
 *   )
 * )
 * </pre>
 *
 * @param number[] $numbers
 * @param number $target
 * @param array $part
 * @param int $precision
 * @return array[number[]]
 */
function subset_sum($numbers, $target, $precision=0, $part=null)
{
    // we assume that an empty $part variable means this
    // is the top level call.
    $toplevel = false;
    if($part === null) {
        $toplevel = true;
        $part = array();
    }

    $s = 0;
    foreach($part as $x)
    {
        $s = $s + $x;
    }

    // we have found a match!
    if(bccomp((string) $s, (string) $target, $precision) === 0)
    {
        sort($part); // ensure the numbers are always sorted
        return array(implode('|', $part));
    }

    // gone too far, break off
    if($s >= $target)
    {
        return null;
    }

    $matches = array();
    $totalNumbers = count($numbers);

    for($i=0; $i < $totalNumbers; $i++)
    {
        $remaining = array();
        $n = $numbers[$i];

        for($j = $i+1; $j < $totalNumbers; $j++)
        {
            $remaining[] = $numbers[$j];
        }

        $part_rec = $part;
        $part_rec[] = $n;

        $result = subset_sum($remaining, $target, $precision, $part_rec);
        if($result)
        {
            $matches = array_merge($matches, $result);
        }
    }

    if(!$toplevel)
    {
        return $matches;
    }

    // this is the top level function call: we have to
    // prepare the final result value by stripping any
    // duplicate results.
    $matches = array_unique($matches);
    $result = array();
    foreach($matches as $entry)
    {
        $result[] = explode('|', $entry);
    }

    return $result;
}

例子:

$result = subset_sum(array(5, 10, 7, 3, 20), 25);

这将返回一个包含两个数字组合数组的索引数组:

3, 5, 7, 10
5, 20

浮点数示例:

// Specify the precision in the third argument
$result = subset_sum(array(0.40, 0.03, 0.05), 0.45, 2);

这将返回一个匹配项:

0.40, 0.05

这个问题的解决方案在互联网上已经出现过无数次了。这个问题叫做硬币兑换问题。你可以在http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Count_the_coins上找到答案,在http://jaqm.ro/issues/volume-5,issue-2/pdfs/patterson_harmel.pdf上找到数学模型(或谷歌硬币变化问题)。

顺便说一下,Tsagadai的Scala解决方案很有趣。本例生成1或0。作为一个副作用,它在控制台上列出了所有可能的解决方案。它显示解决方案,但无法以任何方式使其可用。

为了尽可能有用,代码应该返回一个List[List[Int]],以允许获得解决方案的数量(列表列表的长度),“最佳”解决方案(最短的列表),或所有可能的解决方案。

这里有一个例子。它效率很低,但很容易理解。

object Sum extends App {

  def sumCombinations(total: Int, numbers: List[Int]): List[List[Int]] = {

    def add(x: (Int, List[List[Int]]), y: (Int, List[List[Int]])): (Int, List[List[Int]]) = {
      (x._1 + y._1, x._2 ::: y._2)
    }

    def sumCombinations(resultAcc: List[List[Int]], sumAcc: List[Int], total: Int, numbers: List[Int]): (Int, List[List[Int]]) = {
      if (numbers.isEmpty || total < 0) {
        (0, resultAcc)
      } else if (total == 0) {
        (1, sumAcc :: resultAcc)
      } else {
        add(sumCombinations(resultAcc, sumAcc, total, numbers.tail), sumCombinations(resultAcc, numbers.head :: sumAcc, total - numbers.head, numbers))
      }
    }

    sumCombinations(Nil, Nil, total, numbers.sortWith(_ > _))._2
  }

  println(sumCombinations(15, List(1, 2, 5, 10)) mkString "\n")
}

运行时,它显示:

List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
List(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
List(1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 5)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 5)
List(1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5)
List(2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 5)
List(1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 5)
List(1, 2, 2, 5, 5)
List(5, 5, 5)
List(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10)
List(1, 1, 1, 2, 10)
List(1, 2, 2, 10)
List(5, 10)

sumcombination()函数可以单独使用,并且可以进一步分析结果以显示“最佳”解决方案(最短的列表)或解决方案的数量(列表的数量)。

请注意,即使这样,需求也可能无法完全满足。解决方案中每个列表的顺序可能是重要的。在这种情况下,每个列表都必须重复它的元素组合的次数。或者我们只对不同的组合感兴趣。

例如,我们可以考虑List(5,10)应该给出两种组合:List(5,10)和List(10,5)。对于List(5,5,5),它可以给出三种组合,也可以只给出一种组合,这取决于需求。对于整数,这三种排列是等价的,但如果我们处理的是硬币,就像在“硬币更换问题”中一样,它们就不一样了。

Also not stated in the requirements is the question of whether each number (or coin) may be used only once or many times. We could (and we should!) generalize the problem to a list of lists of occurrences of each number. This translates in real life into "what are the possible ways to make an certain amount of money with a set of coins (and not a set of coin values)". The original problem is just a particular case of this one, where we have as many occurrences of each coin as needed to make the total amount with each single coin value.

c#版本的@msalvadores代码的答案

void Main()
{
    int[] numbers = {3,9,8,4,5,7,10};
    int target = 15;
    sum_up(new List<int>(numbers.ToList()),target);
}

static void sum_up_recursive(List<int> numbers, int target, List<int> part)
{
   int s = 0;
   foreach (int x in part)
   {
       s += x;
   }
   if (s == target)
   {
        Console.WriteLine("sum(" + string.Join(",", part.Select(n => n.ToString()).ToArray()) + ")=" + target);
   }
   if (s >= target)
   {
        return;
   }
   for (int i = 0;i < numbers.Count;i++)
   {
         var remaining = new List<int>();
         int n = numbers[i];
         for (int j = i + 1; j < numbers.Count;j++)
         {
             remaining.Add(numbers[j]);
         }
         var part_rec = new List<int>(part);
         part_rec.Add(n);
         sum_up_recursive(remaining,target,part_rec);
   }
}
static void sum_up(List<int> numbers, int target)
{
    sum_up_recursive(numbers,target,new List<int>());
}

下面是一个Java版本,它非常适合小N和非常大的目标和,当复杂度O(t*N)(动态解)大于指数算法时。我的版本在中间攻击中使用了一个meet,并进行了一些调整,以降低复杂度,从经典的naive O(n*2^n)降低到O(2^(n/2))。

如果你想在32到64个元素之间的集合中使用这种方法,你应该将表示step函数中当前子集的int改为long,尽管随着集合大小的增加,性能显然会急剧下降。如果你想对一个有奇数个元素的集合使用这个,你应该给这个集合加上一个0,使它成为偶数。

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class SubsetSumMiddleAttack {
    static final int target = 100000000;
    static final int[] set = new int[]{ ... };

    static List<Subset> evens = new ArrayList<>();
    static List<Subset> odds = new ArrayList<>();

    static int[][] split(int[] superSet) {
        int[][] ret = new int[2][superSet.length / 2]; 

        for (int i = 0; i < superSet.length; i++) ret[i % 2][i / 2] = superSet[i];

        return ret;
    }

    static void step(int[] superSet, List<Subset> accumulator, int subset, int sum, int counter) {
        accumulator.add(new Subset(subset, sum));
        if (counter != superSet.length) {
            step(superSet, accumulator, subset + (1 << counter), sum + superSet[counter], counter + 1);
            step(superSet, accumulator, subset, sum, counter + 1);
        }
    }

    static void printSubset(Subset e, Subset o) {
        String ret = "";
        for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
            if (i % 2 == 0) {
                if ((1 & (e.subset >> (i / 2))) == 1) ret += " + " + set[i];
            }
            else {
                if ((1 & (o.subset >> (i / 2))) == 1) ret += " + " + set[i];
            }
        }
        if (ret.startsWith(" ")) ret = ret.substring(3) + " = " + (e.sum + o.sum);
        System.out.println(ret);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[][] superSets = split(set);

        step(superSets[0], evens, 0,0,0);
        step(superSets[1], odds, 0,0,0);

        for (Subset e : evens) {
            for (Subset o : odds) {
                if (e.sum + o.sum == target) printSubset(e, o);
            }
        }
    }
}

class Subset {
    int subset;
    int sum;

    Subset(int subset, int sum) {
        this.subset = subset;
        this.sum = sum;
    }
}