第一:

x/3 = (x/4) / (1-1/4)

然后求x/(1 - y)

x/(1-1/y)
  = x * (1+y) / (1-y^2)
  = x * (1+y) * (1+y^2) / (1-y^4)
  = ...
  = x * (1+y) * (1+y^2) * (1+y^4) * ... * (1+y^(2^i)) / (1-y^(2^(i+i))
  = x * (1+y) * (1+y^2) * (1+y^4) * ... * (1+y^(2^i))

y = 1/4:

int div3(int x) {
    x <<= 6;    // need more precise
    x += x>>2;  // x = x * (1+(1/2)^2)
    x += x>>4;  // x = x * (1+(1/2)^4)
    x += x>>8;  // x = x * (1+(1/2)^8)
    x += x>>16; // x = x * (1+(1/2)^16)
    return (x+1)>>8; // as (1-(1/2)^32) very near 1,
                     // we plus 1 instead of div (1-(1/2)^32)
}

虽然它使用了+，但有人已经实现了按位操作的add。

在PHP中使用BC数学:

<?php
    $a = 12345;
    $b = bcdiv($a, 3);   
?>

MySQL(来自Oracle的采访)

> SELECT 12345 DIV 3;

帕斯卡:

a:= 12345;
b:= a div 3;

X86-64汇编语言:

mov  r8, 3
xor  rdx, rdx   
mov  rax, 12345
idiv r8

int div3(int x)
{
  int reminder = abs(x);
  int result = 0;
  while(reminder >= 3)
  {
     result++;

     reminder--;
     reminder--;
     reminder--;
  }
  return result;
}

这是Python中的，基本上，字符串比较和一个状态机。

def divide_by_3(input):
  to_do = {}
  enque_index = 0
  zero_to_9 = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
  leave_over = 0
  for left_over in (0, 1, 2):
    for digit in zero_to_9:
      # left_over, digit => enque, leave_over
      to_do[(left_over, digit)] = (zero_to_9[enque_index], leave_over)
      if leave_over == 0:
        leave_over = 1
      elif leave_over == 1:
        leave_over = 2
      elif leave_over == 2 and enque_index != 9:
        leave_over = 0
        enque_index = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)[enque_index]
  answer_q = []
  left_over = 0
  digits = list(str(input))
  if digits[0] == "-":
    answer_q.append("-")
  digits = digits[1:]
  for digit in digits:
    enque, left_over = to_do[(left_over, int(digit))]
    if enque or len(answer_q):
      answer_q.append(enque)
  answer = 0
  if len(answer_q):
    answer = int("".join([str(a) for a in answer_q]))
  return answer

下面的脚本生成了一个C程序，可以在不使用运算符* / + - %的情况下解决这个问题:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

print('''#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
const int32_t div_by_3(const int32_t input)
{
''')

for i in range(-2**31, 2**31):
    print('    if(input == %d) return %d;' % (i, i / 3))


print(r'''
    return 42; // impossible
}
int main()
{
    const int32_t number = 8;
    printf("%d / 3 = %d\n", number, div_by_3(number));
}
''')

(注意:查看下面的编辑2以获得更好的版本!)

这并不像听起来那么棘手，因为你说“没有使用[..+[…]运营商”。如果你想禁止同时使用+字符，请参见下面。

unsigned div_by(unsigned const x, unsigned const by) {
  unsigned floor = 0;
  for (unsigned cmp = 0, r = 0; cmp <= x;) {
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < by; i++)
      cmp++; // that's not the + operator!
    floor = r;
    r++; // neither is this.
  }
  return floor;
}

然后用div_by(100,3)将100除以3。

编辑:你可以继续并替换++操作符:

unsigned inc(unsigned x) {
  for (unsigned mask = 1; mask; mask <<= 1) {
    if (mask & x)
      x &= ~mask;
    else
      return x & mask;
  }
  return 0; // overflow (note that both x and mask are 0 here)
}

编辑2:稍快的版本，不使用任何包含+、-、*、/、%字符的操作符。

unsigned add(char const zero[], unsigned const x, unsigned const y) {
  // this exploits that &foo[bar] == foo+bar if foo is of type char*
  return (int)(uintptr_t)(&((&zero[x])[y]));
}

unsigned div_by(unsigned const x, unsigned const by) {
  unsigned floor = 0;
  for (unsigned cmp = 0, r = 0; cmp <= x;) {
    cmp = add(0,cmp,by);
    floor = r;
    r = add(0,r,1);
  }
  return floor;
}

我们使用add函数的第一个参数，因为不使用*字符就不能表示指针的类型，除非在函数形参列表中，其中的语法类型[]与类型* const相同。

FWIW，你可以很容易地实现一个乘法函数使用类似的技巧使用0x55555556技巧提出的AndreyT:

int mul(int const x, int const y) {
  return sizeof(struct {
    char const ignore[y];
  }[x]);
}