使用只能从集合中获得的扩展。你不能投入进去。此外，虽然超级允许获取和放置，在获取期间的返回类型是?超级T。

我喜欢来自@Bert F的答案，但这是我大脑看到的方式。

我手里有个X。如果我想把我的X写进一个列表，这个列表需要是一个X的列表，或者是一个我写X时可以向上转换的列表，即X的任何超类…

List<? super   X>

如果我得到一个列表，我想从这个列表中读取一个X，那最好是一个X的列表，或者是一个可以在我读取它们时向上转换为X的列表，即任何扩展X的东西

List<? extends X>

这里最令人困惑的是，无论我们指定了什么类型限制，赋值只能以一种方式工作:

baseClassInstance = derivedClassInstance;

您可能认为Integer扩展了Number，并且Integer可以作为<?扩展数字>，但是编译器会告诉你<?extends Number>不能转换为Integer(也就是说，在人类的说法中，任何扩展Number的东西都可以转换为Integer是错误的):

class Holder<T> {
    T v;
    T get() { return v; }
    void set(T n) { v=n; }
}
class A {
    public static void main(String[]args) {
        Holder<? extends Number> he = new Holder();
        Holder<? super Number> hs = new Holder();

        Integer i;
        Number n;
        Object o;

        // Producer Super: always gives an error except
        //       when consumer expects just Object
        i = hs.get(); // <? super Number> cannot be converted to Integer
        n = hs.get(); // <? super Number> cannot be converted to Number
                      // <? super Number> cannot be converted to ... (but
                      //       there is no class between Number and Object)
        o = hs.get();

        // Consumer Super
        hs.set(i);
        hs.set(n);
        hs.set(o); // Object cannot be converted to <? super Number>

        // Producer Extends
        i = he.get(); // <? extends Number> cannot be converted to Integer
        n = he.get();
        o = he.get();

        // Consumer Extends: always gives an error
        he.set(i); // Integer cannot be converted to <? extends Number>
        he.set(n); // Number cannot be converted to <? extends Number>
        he.set(o); // Object cannot be converted to <? extends Number>
    }
}

hs.set(我);是可以的，因为Integer可以转换为Number的任何超类(而不是因为Integer是Number的超类，这不是真的)。

EDIT添加了一条关于消费者扩展和生产者超级的注释——它们没有意义，因为它们相应地指定了什么，而只是对象。建议您记住PECS，因为CEPS从来都没有用。

我想把区别形象化。假设我们有:

class A { }
class B extends A { }
class C extends B { }

列表< ?扩展T> -读取和赋值:

|-------------------------|-------------------|---------------------------------|
|         wildcard        |        get        |              assign             |
|-------------------------|-------------------|---------------------------------|
|    List<? extends C>    |    A    B    C    |                       List<C>   |
|-------------------------|-------------------|---------------------------------|
|    List<? extends B>    |    A    B         |             List<B>   List<C>   |
|-------------------------|-------------------|---------------------------------|
|    List<? extends A>    |    A              |   List<A>   List<B>   List<C>   |
|-------------------------|-------------------|---------------------------------|

列表< ?超级T> -写和分配:

|-------------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------------------|
|         wildcard        |        add        |                   assign                  |
|-------------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------------------|
|     List<? super C>     |              C    |  List<Object>  List<A>  List<B>  List<C>  |
|-------------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------------------|
|     List<? super B>     |         B    C    |  List<Object>  List<A>  List<B>           |
|-------------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------------------|
|     List<? super A>     |    A    B    C    |  List<Object>  List<A>                    |
|-------------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------------------|

在所有的情况下:

不管通配符是什么，你总是可以从列表中获得Object。 不管通配符是什么，你总是可以在可变列表中添加null。

扩展

List<?数字> foo3意味着这些都是合法的赋值:

List<? extends Number> foo3 = new ArrayList<Number>();  // Number "extends" Number (in this context)
List<? extends Number> foo3 = new ArrayList<Integer>(); // Integer extends Number
List<? extends Number> foo3 = new ArrayList<Double>();  // Double extends Number

Reading - Given the above possible assignments, what type of object are you guaranteed to read from List foo3: You can read a Number because any of the lists that could be assigned to foo3 contain a Number or a subclass of Number. You can't read an Integer because foo3 could be pointing at a List<Double>. You can't read a Double because foo3 could be pointing at a List<Integer>. Writing - Given the above possible assignments, what type of object could you add to List foo3 that would be legal for all the above possible ArrayList assignments: You can't add an Integer because foo3 could be pointing at a List<Double>. You can't add a Double because foo3 could be pointing at a List<Integer>. You can't add a Number because foo3 could be pointing at a List<Integer>.

你不能向List<?extends t>因为你不能保证它真正指向的是什么样的List，所以你不能保证对象被允许在那个List中。唯一的“保证”是你只能读取它，你会得到一个T或T的子类。

超级

现在考虑List <?超级T >。

List<?super Integer> foo3表示这些都是合法的赋值:

List<? super Integer> foo3 = new ArrayList<Integer>();  // Integer is a "superclass" of Integer (in this context)
List<? super Integer> foo3 = new ArrayList<Number>();   // Number is a superclass of Integer
List<? super Integer> foo3 = new ArrayList<Object>();   // Object is a superclass of Integer

Reading - Given the above possible assignments, what type of object are you guaranteed to receive when you read from List foo3: You aren't guaranteed an Integer because foo3 could be pointing at a List<Number> or List<Object>. You aren't guaranteed a Number because foo3 could be pointing at a List<Object>. The only guarantee is that you will get an instance of an Object or subclass of Object (but you don't know what subclass). Writing - Given the above possible assignments, what type of object could you add to List foo3 that would be legal for all the above possible ArrayList assignments: You can add an Integer because an Integer is allowed in any of above lists. You can add an instance of a subclass of Integer because an instance of a subclass of Integer is allowed in any of the above lists. You can't add a Double because foo3 could be pointing at an ArrayList<Integer>. You can't add a Number because foo3 could be pointing at an ArrayList<Integer>. You can't add an Object because foo3 could be pointing at an ArrayList<Integer>.

PECS

记住PECS:“生产者延伸，消费者至上”。

"Producer Extends" - If you need a List to produce T values (you want to read Ts from the list), you need to declare it with ? extends T, e.g. List<? extends Integer>. But you cannot add to this list. "Consumer Super" - If you need a List to consume T values (you want to write Ts into the list), you need to declare it with ? super T, e.g. List<? super Integer>. But there are no guarantees what type of object you may read from this list. If you need to both read from and write to a list, you need to declare it exactly with no wildcards, e.g. List<Integer>.

例子

请注意这个来自Java泛型常见问题解答的例子。注意源列表src(生产列表)如何使用extends，而目标列表dest(消费列表)如何使用super:

public class Collections { 
  public static <T> void copy(List<? super T> dest, List<? extends T> src) {
      for (int i = 0; i < src.size(); i++) 
        dest.set(i, src.get(i)); 
  } 
}

也看到 如何添加到List<?extends数字>数据结构?

向上投票的答案涵盖了很多方面的细节。然而，我会尝试用不同的方式来回答这个问题。

我们需要考虑两件事，

1. 对列表变量赋值

列表< ?扩展X> listvar;

在这里，X的任何列表或X的子类列表都可以赋值给listvar。

列表<？ 扩展 数字> 列表变量; listvar = new ArrayList<Number>（）; listvar = new ArrayList<Integer>（）;

列表< ?super X> listvar;

在这里，X的任何列表或X的超类列表都可以赋值给listvar。

列表<？ 超级数字>列表变量; listvar = new ArrayList<Number>（）; listvar = new ArrayList<Object>（）;

2. 对列表变量执行读或写操作

`List<? extends X> listvar;`

您可以使用此特性在方法参数中接受一个列表，并对类型X执行任何操作(注意:您只能从列表中读取类型X的对象)。

`List<? super Number> listvar;

您可以使用此特性在方法参数中接受列表，并对Object类型执行任何操作，因为您只能从列表中读取Object类型的对象。是的，这里还有一点，你可以把X类型的对象添加到列表中。