我使用GCC编译器在Linux上工作。当我的c++程序崩溃时,我希望它自动生成一个堆栈跟踪。
我的程序由许多不同的用户运行,它也可以在Linux、Windows和Macintosh上运行(所有版本都使用gcc编译)。
我希望我的程序能够在崩溃时生成堆栈跟踪,下次用户运行它时,它会问他们是否可以将堆栈跟踪发送给我,这样我就可以跟踪到问题。我可以处理发送信息给我,但我不知道如何生成跟踪字符串。什么好主意吗?
我使用GCC编译器在Linux上工作。当我的c++程序崩溃时,我希望它自动生成一个堆栈跟踪。
我的程序由许多不同的用户运行,它也可以在Linux、Windows和Macintosh上运行(所有版本都使用gcc编译)。
我希望我的程序能够在崩溃时生成堆栈跟踪,下次用户运行它时,它会问他们是否可以将堆栈跟踪发送给我,这样我就可以跟踪到问题。我可以处理发送信息给我,但我不知道如何生成跟踪字符串。什么好主意吗?
当前回答
感谢calorticgeek让我注意到addr2line实用程序。
我写了一个快速和肮脏的脚本来处理这里提供的答案的输出: (非常感谢jschmier!)使用addr2line实用程序。
脚本只接受一个参数:包含jschmier实用程序输出的文件名。
对于跟踪的每一层,输出应该打印如下内容:
BACKTRACE: testExe 0x8A5db6b
FILE: pathToFile/testExe.C:110
FUNCTION: testFunction(int)
107
108
109 int* i = 0x0;
*110 *i = 5;
111
112 }
113 return i;
代码:
#!/bin/bash
LOGFILE=$1
NUM_SRC_CONTEXT_LINES=3
old_IFS=$IFS # save the field separator
IFS=$'\n' # new field separator, the end of line
for bt in `cat $LOGFILE | grep '\[bt\]'`; do
IFS=$old_IFS # restore default field separator
printf '\n'
EXEC=`echo $bt | cut -d' ' -f3 | cut -d'(' -f1`
ADDR=`echo $bt | cut -d'[' -f3 | cut -d']' -f1`
echo "BACKTRACE: $EXEC $ADDR"
A2L=`addr2line -a $ADDR -e $EXEC -pfC`
#echo "A2L: $A2L"
FUNCTION=`echo $A2L | sed 's/\<at\>.*//' | cut -d' ' -f2-99`
FILE_AND_LINE=`echo $A2L | sed 's/.* at //'`
echo "FILE: $FILE_AND_LINE"
echo "FUNCTION: $FUNCTION"
# print offending source code
SRCFILE=`echo $FILE_AND_LINE | cut -d':' -f1`
LINENUM=`echo $FILE_AND_LINE | cut -d':' -f2`
if ([ -f $SRCFILE ]); then
cat -n $SRCFILE | grep -C $NUM_SRC_CONTEXT_LINES "^ *$LINENUM\>" | sed "s/ $LINENUM/*$LINENUM/"
else
echo "File not found: $SRCFILE"
fi
IFS=$'\n' # new field separator, the end of line
done
IFS=$old_IFS # restore default field separator
其他回答
尽管已经提供了描述如何使用GNU libc backtrace()函数1的正确答案,并且我提供了自己的答案,描述了如何确保从信号处理程序的回溯指向fault2的实际位置,但我没有看到任何从回溯输出的要求c++符号的提及。
当从c++程序获得回溯时,可以通过c++filt1运行输出来要求符号,或者直接使用abi::__cxa_demangle1。
1 Linux & OS X 注意,c++filt和__cxa_demangle是特定于GCC的 2 Linux
下面的c++ Linux示例使用与我的其他答案相同的信号处理程序,并演示如何使用c++filt来要求符号。
代码:
class foo
{
public:
foo() { foo1(); }
private:
void foo1() { foo2(); }
void foo2() { foo3(); }
void foo3() { foo4(); }
void foo4() { crash(); }
void crash() { char * p = NULL; *p = 0; }
};
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
{
// Setup signal handler for SIGSEGV
...
foo * f = new foo();
return 0;
}
输出(. /测试):
signal 11 (Segmentation fault), address is (nil) from 0x8048e07
[bt]: (1) ./test(crash__3foo+0x13) [0x8048e07]
[bt]: (2) ./test(foo4__3foo+0x12) [0x8048dee]
[bt]: (3) ./test(foo3__3foo+0x12) [0x8048dd6]
[bt]: (4) ./test(foo2__3foo+0x12) [0x8048dbe]
[bt]: (5) ./test(foo1__3foo+0x12) [0x8048da6]
[bt]: (6) ./test(__3foo+0x12) [0x8048d8e]
[bt]: (7) ./test(main+0xe0) [0x8048d18]
[bt]: (8) ./test(__libc_start_main+0x95) [0x42017589]
[bt]: (9) ./test(__register_frame_info+0x3d) [0x8048981]
需求输出(。/test 2>&1 | c++filt):
signal 11 (Segmentation fault), address is (nil) from 0x8048e07
[bt]: (1) ./test(foo::crash(void)+0x13) [0x8048e07]
[bt]: (2) ./test(foo::foo4(void)+0x12) [0x8048dee]
[bt]: (3) ./test(foo::foo3(void)+0x12) [0x8048dd6]
[bt]: (4) ./test(foo::foo2(void)+0x12) [0x8048dbe]
[bt]: (5) ./test(foo::foo1(void)+0x12) [0x8048da6]
[bt]: (6) ./test(foo::foo(void)+0x12) [0x8048d8e]
[bt]: (7) ./test(main+0xe0) [0x8048d18]
[bt]: (8) ./test(__libc_start_main+0x95) [0x42017589]
[bt]: (9) ./test(__register_frame_info+0x3d) [0x8048981]
下面的代码构建在我原来答案中的信号处理程序之上,可以替换上面示例中的信号处理程序,以演示如何使用abi::__cxa_demangle来提取符号。此信号处理程序产生与上面示例相同的需求输出。
代码:
void crit_err_hdlr(int sig_num, siginfo_t * info, void * ucontext)
{
sig_ucontext_t * uc = (sig_ucontext_t *)ucontext;
void * caller_address = (void *) uc->uc_mcontext.eip; // x86 specific
std::cerr << "signal " << sig_num
<< " (" << strsignal(sig_num) << "), address is "
<< info->si_addr << " from " << caller_address
<< std::endl << std::endl;
void * array[50];
int size = backtrace(array, 50);
array[1] = caller_address;
char ** messages = backtrace_symbols(array, size);
// skip first stack frame (points here)
for (int i = 1; i < size && messages != NULL; ++i)
{
char *mangled_name = 0, *offset_begin = 0, *offset_end = 0;
// find parantheses and +address offset surrounding mangled name
for (char *p = messages[i]; *p; ++p)
{
if (*p == '(')
{
mangled_name = p;
}
else if (*p == '+')
{
offset_begin = p;
}
else if (*p == ')')
{
offset_end = p;
break;
}
}
// if the line could be processed, attempt to demangle the symbol
if (mangled_name && offset_begin && offset_end &&
mangled_name < offset_begin)
{
*mangled_name++ = '\0';
*offset_begin++ = '\0';
*offset_end++ = '\0';
int status;
char * real_name = abi::__cxa_demangle(mangled_name, 0, 0, &status);
// if demangling is successful, output the demangled function name
if (status == 0)
{
std::cerr << "[bt]: (" << i << ") " << messages[i] << " : "
<< real_name << "+" << offset_begin << offset_end
<< std::endl;
}
// otherwise, output the mangled function name
else
{
std::cerr << "[bt]: (" << i << ") " << messages[i] << " : "
<< mangled_name << "+" << offset_begin << offset_end
<< std::endl;
}
free(real_name);
}
// otherwise, print the whole line
else
{
std::cerr << "[bt]: (" << i << ") " << messages[i] << std::endl;
}
}
std::cerr << std::endl;
free(messages);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
Linux
虽然已经有人建议使用execinfo.h中的backtrace()函数来打印堆栈跟踪并在出现分段错误时优雅地退出,但我没有看到提到确保所产生的回溯指向错误的实际位置所必需的复杂性(至少对于某些架构- x86和ARM)。
进入信号处理程序时,堆栈帧链中的前两个条目在信号处理程序中包含一个返回地址,在libc中的sigaction()中包含一个返回地址。在信号(即故障位置)之前调用的最后一个函数的堆栈帧丢失。
Code
#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#endif
#ifndef __USE_GNU
#define __USE_GNU
#endif
#include <execinfo.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ucontext.h>
#include <unistd.h>
/* This structure mirrors the one found in /usr/include/asm/ucontext.h */
typedef struct _sig_ucontext {
unsigned long uc_flags;
ucontext_t *uc_link;
stack_t uc_stack;
sigcontext_t uc_mcontext;
sigset_t uc_sigmask;
} sig_ucontext_t;
void crit_err_hdlr(int sig_num, siginfo_t * info, void * ucontext)
{
void * array[50];
void * caller_address;
char ** messages;
int size, i;
sig_ucontext_t * uc;
uc = (sig_ucontext_t *)ucontext;
/* Get the address at the time the signal was raised */
#if defined(__i386__) // gcc specific
caller_address = (void *) uc->uc_mcontext.eip; // EIP: x86 specific
#elif defined(__x86_64__) // gcc specific
caller_address = (void *) uc->uc_mcontext.rip; // RIP: x86_64 specific
#else
#error Unsupported architecture. // TODO: Add support for other arch.
#endif
fprintf(stderr, "signal %d (%s), address is %p from %p\n",
sig_num, strsignal(sig_num), info->si_addr,
(void *)caller_address);
size = backtrace(array, 50);
/* overwrite sigaction with caller's address */
array[1] = caller_address;
messages = backtrace_symbols(array, size);
/* skip first stack frame (points here) */
for (i = 1; i < size && messages != NULL; ++i)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[bt]: (%d) %s\n", i, messages[i]);
}
free(messages);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
int crash()
{
char * p = NULL;
*p = 0;
return 0;
}
int foo4()
{
crash();
return 0;
}
int foo3()
{
foo4();
return 0;
}
int foo2()
{
foo3();
return 0;
}
int foo1()
{
foo2();
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
{
struct sigaction sigact;
sigact.sa_sigaction = crit_err_hdlr;
sigact.sa_flags = SA_RESTART | SA_SIGINFO;
if (sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sigact, (struct sigaction *)NULL) != 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "error setting signal handler for %d (%s)\n",
SIGSEGV, strsignal(SIGSEGV));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
foo1();
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
输出
signal 11 (Segmentation fault), address is (nil) from 0x8c50
[bt]: (1) ./test(crash+0x24) [0x8c50]
[bt]: (2) ./test(foo4+0x10) [0x8c70]
[bt]: (3) ./test(foo3+0x10) [0x8c8c]
[bt]: (4) ./test(foo2+0x10) [0x8ca8]
[bt]: (5) ./test(foo1+0x10) [0x8cc4]
[bt]: (6) ./test(main+0x74) [0x8d44]
[bt]: (7) /lib/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xa8) [0x40032e44]
在信号处理程序中调用backtrace()函数的所有危险仍然存在,不应忽视,但我发现这里描述的功能对调试崩溃非常有帮助。
需要注意的是,我提供的示例是在x86的Linux上开发/测试的。我也成功地实现了这在ARM上使用uc_mcontext。Arm_pc代替uc_mcontext.eip。
下面是我了解这个实现细节的文章的链接: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6391
gdb -ex 'set confirm off' -ex r -ex bt -ex q <my-program>
除了上面的答案,这里还介绍了如何让Debian Linux操作系统生成核心转储
Create a “coredumps” folder in the user's home folder Go to /etc/security/limits.conf. Below the ' ' line, type “ soft core unlimited”, and “root soft core unlimited” if enabling core dumps for root, to allow unlimited space for core dumps. NOTE: “* soft core unlimited” does not cover root, which is why root has to be specified in its own line. To check these values, log out, log back in, and type “ulimit -a”. “Core file size” should be set to unlimited. Check the .bashrc files (user, and root if applicable) to make sure that ulimit is not set there. Otherwise, the value above will be overwritten on startup. Open /etc/sysctl.conf. Enter the following at the bottom: “kernel.core_pattern = /home//coredumps/%e_%t.dump”. (%e will be the process name, and %t will be the system time) Exit and type “sysctl -p” to load the new configuration Check /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and verify that this matches what you just typed in. Core dumping can be tested by running a process on the command line (“ &”), and then killing it with “kill -11 ”. If core dumping is successful, you will see “(core dumped)” after the segmentation fault indication.
ulimit -c unlimited
是一个系统变量,它将允许在应用程序崩溃后创建一个核心转储。在这种情况下是无限的。在同一目录中查找一个名为core的文件。确保在编译代码时启用了调试信息!
问候