如果null从不表示错误，则返回null。

如果null始终是错误，则抛出异常。

如果null有时是一个异常，那么编写两个例程。一个例程抛出异常，另一个是布尔测试例程，它在输出参数中返回对象，如果没有找到对象，则返回false。

很难滥用Try例程。很容易忘记检查null。

所以当null是一个错误时，你只需要写

object o = FindObject();

当null不是错误时，您可以编写如下代码

if (TryFindObject(out object o)
  // Do something with o
else
  // o was not found

我更喜欢只返回null，并依赖于调用者来适当地处理它。(因为没有更好的词)例外是，如果我绝对“确定”这个方法将返回一个对象。在这种情况下，失败是一个例外，应该和应该抛出。

抛出异常的好处:

Cleaner control flow in your calling code. Checking for null injects a conditional branch which is natively handled by try/catch. Checking for null doesn't indicate what it is you're checking for - are you checking for null because you're looking for an error you're expecting, or are you checking for null so you don't pass it further on downchain? Removes ambiguity of what "null" means. Is null representative of an error or is null what is actually stored in the value? Hard to say when you only have one thing to base that determination off of. Improved consistency between method behavior in an application. Exceptions are typically exposed in method signatures, so you're more able to understand what edge cases the methods in an application account for, and what information your application can react to in a predictable manner.

有关更多示例的解释，请参见:http://metatations.com/2011/11/17/returning-null-vs-throwing-an-exception/

首选返回null——

如果调用者在不检查的情况下使用它，异常就会在那里发生。

如果调用者并没有真正使用它，不要给他一个try/catch块

使用空对象模式或抛出异常。

如果方法返回一个集合，则返回一个空集合(如上所述)。但请不要收钱。EMPTY_LIST或类似的!(以Java为例)

如果该方法检索单个对象，则您有一些选项。

If the method should always find the result and it's a real exception case not to find the object, then you should throw an exception (in Java: please an unchecked Exception) (Java only) If you can tolerate that the method throws a checked exception, throw a project specific ObjectNotFoundException or the like. In this case the compiler says you if you forget to handle the exception. (This is my preferred handling of not found things in Java.) If you say it's really ok, if the object is not found and your Method name is like findBookForAuthorOrReturnNull(..), then you can return null. In this case it is strongly recomminded to use some sort of static check or compiler check, wich prevents dereferencing of the result without a null check. In case of Java it can be eg. FindBugs (see DefaultAnnotation at http://findbugs.sourceforge.net/manual/annotations.html) or IntelliJ-Checking.

如果决定返回null，请小心。如果你不是项目中唯一的程序员，你会在运行时得到nullpointerexception(在Java或其他语言中)!所以不要返回在编译时没有检查的空值。