在数据层代码中，我有时使用以下代码，允许调用者决定“对象未找到”是否意味着发生了错误。

DataType GetObject(DBConnection conn, string id, bool throwOnNotFound) {
    DataType retval = ... // find object in database
    if (retval != null || ! throwOnNotFound) {
        return retval;
    } else {
        throw new NoRowsFoundException("DataType object with id {id} not found in database");
    }
}

DataType GetObject(DBConnection conn, string id) {
    return GetObject(conn, id, true);
} 

使用空对象模式或抛出异常。

抛出异常的好处:

Cleaner control flow in your calling code. Checking for null injects a conditional branch which is natively handled by try/catch. Checking for null doesn't indicate what it is you're checking for - are you checking for null because you're looking for an error you're expecting, or are you checking for null so you don't pass it further on downchain? Removes ambiguity of what "null" means. Is null representative of an error or is null what is actually stored in the value? Hard to say when you only have one thing to base that determination off of. Improved consistency between method behavior in an application. Exceptions are typically exposed in method signatures, so you're more able to understand what edge cases the methods in an application account for, and what information your application can react to in a predictable manner.

有关更多示例的解释，请参见:http://metatations.com/2011/11/17/returning-null-vs-throwing-an-exception/

这取决于你是否希望找到这个物体。如果你遵循学校的思想，认为exceptions应该用来表示某事，那么，嗯，呃，exceptions已经发生了:

对象发现;返回对象 没有找到对象;抛出异常

否则，返回null。

或者返回一个Option

选项基本上是一个容器类，它强制客户端处理展位案例。Scala有这个概念，查查它的API。

然后你在这个对象上有T getOrElse(T valueIfNull)这样的方法，它们要么返回找到的对象，要么返回客户端指定的替代对象。

如果方法返回一个集合，则返回一个空集合(如上所述)。但请不要收钱。EMPTY_LIST或类似的!(以Java为例)

如果该方法检索单个对象，则您有一些选项。

If the method should always find the result and it's a real exception case not to find the object, then you should throw an exception (in Java: please an unchecked Exception) (Java only) If you can tolerate that the method throws a checked exception, throw a project specific ObjectNotFoundException or the like. In this case the compiler says you if you forget to handle the exception. (This is my preferred handling of not found things in Java.) If you say it's really ok, if the object is not found and your Method name is like findBookForAuthorOrReturnNull(..), then you can return null. In this case it is strongly recomminded to use some sort of static check or compiler check, wich prevents dereferencing of the result without a null check. In case of Java it can be eg. FindBugs (see DefaultAnnotation at http://findbugs.sourceforge.net/manual/annotations.html) or IntelliJ-Checking.

如果决定返回null，请小心。如果你不是项目中唯一的程序员，你会在运行时得到nullpointerexception(在Java或其他语言中)!所以不要返回在编译时没有检查的空值。