我的小钱

在Person类中，我们用self定义了init方法，这里需要注意的有趣的事情是self和实例变量p的内存位置是相同的<__main__。位于0x106a78fd0>的Person对象

class Person:

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name 
        self.age = age 

    def say_hi(self):
        print("the self is at:", self)
        print((f"hey there, my name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old"))

    def say_bye(self):
        print("the self is at:", self)
        print(f"good to see you {self.name}")

p = Person("john", 78)
print("the p is at",p)
p.say_hi()  
p.say_bye() 

如上所述，self和实例变量都是同一个对象。

The reason you need to use self. is because Python does not use special syntax to refer to instance attributes. Python decided to do methods in a way that makes the instance to which the method belongs be passed automatically, but not received automatically: the first parameter of methods is the instance the method is called on. That makes methods entirely the same as functions, and leaves the actual name to use up to you (although self is the convention, and people will generally frown at you when you use something else.) self is not special to the code, it's just another object.

Python could have done something else to distinguish normal names from attributes -- special syntax like Ruby has, or requiring declarations like C++ and Java do, or perhaps something yet more different -- but it didn't. Python's all for making things explicit, making it obvious what's what, and although it doesn't do it entirely everywhere, it does do it for instance attributes. That's why assigning to an instance attribute needs to know what instance to assign to, and that's why it needs self..

我将用不使用类的代码演示:

def state_init(state):
    state['field'] = 'init'

def state_add(state, x):
    state['field'] += x

def state_mult(state, x):
    state['field'] *= x

def state_getField(state):
    return state['field']

myself = {}
state_init(myself)
state_add(myself, 'added')
state_mult(myself, 2)

print( state_getField(myself) )
#--> 'initaddedinitadded'

类只是一种避免始终传递这种“状态”的方法(以及其他一些不错的事情，如初始化、类组合、很少需要的元类，以及支持自定义方法来覆盖操作符)。

现在让我们使用内置的python类机制来演示上面的代码，以展示它们基本上是相同的东西。

class State(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.field = 'init'
    def add(self, x):
        self.field += x
    def mult(self, x):
        self.field *= x

s = State()
s.add('added')    # self is implicitly passed in
s.mult(2)         # self is implicitly passed in
print( s.field )

[把我的答案从重复的封闭式问题中迁移过来]

这是为了遵循Python的禅宗“显式优于隐式”。它实际上是对类对象的引用。例如，在Java和PHP中，它被称为this。

如果user_type_name是你的模型中的一个字段，你可以通过self.user_type_name访问它。

我喜欢这个例子:

class A: 
    foo = []
a, b = A(), A()
a.foo.append(5)
b.foo
ans: [5]

class A: 
    def __init__(self): 
        self.foo = []
a, b = A(), A()
a.foo.append(5)
b.foo
ans: []

以下摘自关于self的Python文档:

As in Modula-3, there are no shorthands [in Python] for referencing the object’s members from its methods: the method function is declared with an explicit first argument representing the object, which is provided implicitly by the call. Often, the first argument of a method is called self. This is nothing more than a convention: the name self has absolutely no special meaning to Python. Note, however, that by not following the convention your code may be less readable to other Python programmers, and it is also conceivable that a class browser program might be written that relies upon such a convention.

有关更多信息，请参阅Python类文档教程。