强烈鼓励使用final作为常量。但是，我不会将它用于方法或类(或者至少考虑一下)，因为它使测试更加困难，如果不是不可能的话。如果一定要让一个类或方法成为final，请确保这个类实现了一些接口，这样就可以让一个模拟实现相同的接口。

最后一个修饰符，特别是对于变量，是一种让编译器强制执行通常合理的约定的方法:确保一个(局部或实例)变量只被赋值一次(不多不少)。通过确保变量在使用之前被明确赋值，你可以避免常见的NullPointerException:

final FileInputStream in;
if(test)
  in = new FileInputStream("foo.txt");
else
  System.out.println("test failed");
in.read(); // Compiler error because variable 'in' might be unassigned

通过防止变量被多次赋值，可以防止过宽的作用域。而不是这样:

 String msg = null;
 for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
     msg = "We are at position " + i;
     System.out.println(msg);
 }
 msg = null;

我们鼓励你这样做:

 for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
     final String msg = "We are at position " + i;
     System.out.println(msg);
 }

一些链接:

最后的故事(《Hardcore Java》一书的免费章节) 一些最终的模式 明确的任务

Final显然应该用在常量上，并加强不可变性，但在方法上还有另一个重要的用途。

Effective Java在这方面有一个完整的项目(项目15)，指出了意外继承的陷阱。实际上，如果您没有为继承而设计和记录您的类，那么从它继承可能会带来意想不到的问题(该项目提供了一个很好的例子)。因此，建议在不打算继承的任何类和/或方法上使用final。

That may seem draconian, but it makes sense. If you are writing a class library for use by others then you don't want them inheriting from things that weren't designed for it - you will be locking yourself into a particular implementation of the class for back compatibility. If you are coding in a team there is nothing to stop another member of the team from removing the final if they really have to. But the keyword makes them think about what they are doing, and warns them that the class they are inheriting from wasn't designed for it, so they should be extra careful.

为:

Final fields - Marking fields as final forces them to be set by end of construction, making that field reference immutable. This allows safe publication of fields and can avoid the need for synchronization on later reads. (Note that for an object reference, only the field reference is immutable - things that object reference refers to can still change and that affects the immutability.) Final static fields - Although I use enums now for many of the cases where I used to use static final fields.

考虑但审慎地使用:

最终类——框架/API设计是我唯一考虑的情况。 Final方法——基本上与Final类相同。如果你疯狂地使用模板方法模式，并把东西标记为final，你可能太依赖继承而不是委托。

忽略，除非感觉肛门:

Method parameters and local variables - I RARELY do this largely because I'm lazy and I find it clutters the code. I will fully admit that marking parameters and local variables that I'm not going to modify is "righter". I wish it was the default. But it isn't and I find the code more difficult to understand with finals all over. If I'm in someone else's code, I'm not going to pull them out but if I'm writing new code I won't put them in. One exception is the case where you have to mark something final so you can access it from within an anonymous inner class.

为事件监听器使用匿名本地类等是Java中的常见模式。 final关键字最常见的用法是确保偶数侦听器可以访问作用域内的变量。

但是，如果您发现自己被要求在代码中放入大量的最终语句。这可能是你做错事的好暗示。

上面的文章给出了这样一个例子:

public void doSomething(int i, int j) {
    final int n = i + j; // must be declared final

    Comparator comp = new Comparator() {
        public int compare(Object left, Object right) {
            return n; // return copy of a local variable
        }
    };
}

有效的Java有一个条目写着“偏爱不可变对象”。将字段声明为final可以帮助您在这方面迈出一小步，但是对于真正的不可变对象来说，当然还有更多的事情要做。

如果您知道对象是不可变的，那么可以在多个线程/客户端之间共享它们以供读取，而无需担心同步问题，并且更容易推断程序的运行方式。