强烈鼓励使用final作为常量。但是，我不会将它用于方法或类(或者至少考虑一下)，因为它使测试更加困难，如果不是不可能的话。如果一定要让一个类或方法成为final，请确保这个类实现了一些接口，这样就可以让一个模拟实现相同的接口。

我一直用final来表示对象属性。

final关键字在对象属性上使用时具有可见性语义。基本上，设置最终对象属性的值发生在构造函数返回之前。这意味着只要不让This引用脱离构造函数，并且对所有属性使用final，对象(在Java 5语义下)就可以保证正确构造，而且由于它也是不可变的，所以可以安全地发布到其他线程。

不可变对象不仅仅是关于线程安全。它们还使您更容易推断程序中的状态转换，因为可以更改的空间是故意的，如果始终使用，则完全限制在应该更改的内容上。

I sometimes also make methods final, but not as often. I seldomly make classes final. I generally do this because I have little need to. I generally don't use inheritance much. I prefer to use interfaces and object composition instead - this also lends itself to a design that I find is often easier to test. When you code to interfaces instead of concrete classes, then you don't need to use inheritance when you test, as it is, with frameworks such as jMock, much easier to create mock-objects with interfaces than it is with concrete classes.

我想我应该把大部分课程都定为期末考试，但我还没有养成这个习惯。

Final显然应该用在常量上，并加强不可变性，但在方法上还有另一个重要的用途。

Effective Java在这方面有一个完整的项目(项目15)，指出了意外继承的陷阱。实际上，如果您没有为继承而设计和记录您的类，那么从它继承可能会带来意想不到的问题(该项目提供了一个很好的例子)。因此，建议在不打算继承的任何类和/或方法上使用final。

That may seem draconian, but it makes sense. If you are writing a class library for use by others then you don't want them inheriting from things that weren't designed for it - you will be locking yourself into a particular implementation of the class for back compatibility. If you are coding in a team there is nothing to stop another member of the team from removing the final if they really have to. But the keyword makes them think about what they are doing, and warns them that the class they are inheriting from wasn't designed for it, so they should be extra careful.

Even for local variables, knowing that it is declared final means that I don't need to worry about the reference being changed later on. This means that when debugging and I see that variable later on, I am confident that it is referring to the same object. That is one less thing I need to worry about when looking for a bug. A bonus is that if 99% of variables are declared final, then the few variables which really are variable stand out better. Also, the final lets the compiler find some more possible stupid mistakes that might otherwise go unnoticed.

我已经编写了一段时间的代码，并尽可能使用final。这样做了一段时间后(对于变量、方法参数和类属性)，我可以说90%(或更多)的变量实际上是最终的。我认为在你不想修改变量的时候不修改变量的好处(我以前看到过，有时这很痛苦)是为了在你的代码中额外的输入和额外的“final”关键字。

也就是说，如果我要设计一种语言，我将使每个变量都是final，除非被其他一些关键字修改。

对于类和方法，我不太使用final。这是一个或多或少复杂的设计选择，除非您的类是一个实用程序类(在这种情况下，您应该只有一个私有构造函数)。

我也使用Collections.unmodifiable…在我需要的时候创建不可修改的列表

为:

Final fields - Marking fields as final forces them to be set by end of construction, making that field reference immutable. This allows safe publication of fields and can avoid the need for synchronization on later reads. (Note that for an object reference, only the field reference is immutable - things that object reference refers to can still change and that affects the immutability.) Final static fields - Although I use enums now for many of the cases where I used to use static final fields.

考虑但审慎地使用:

最终类——框架/API设计是我唯一考虑的情况。 Final方法——基本上与Final类相同。如果你疯狂地使用模板方法模式，并把东西标记为final，你可能太依赖继承而不是委托。

忽略，除非感觉肛门:

Method parameters and local variables - I RARELY do this largely because I'm lazy and I find it clutters the code. I will fully admit that marking parameters and local variables that I'm not going to modify is "righter". I wish it was the default. But it isn't and I find the code more difficult to understand with finals all over. If I'm in someone else's code, I'm not going to pull them out but if I'm writing new code I won't put them in. One exception is the case where you have to mark something final so you can access it from within an anonymous inner class.