我必须用sprintf格式化std::string,并将其发送到文件流。我该怎么做呢?
当前回答
c++ 11内部使用vsnprintf()的解决方案:
#include <stdarg.h> // For va_start, etc.
std::string string_format(const std::string fmt, ...) {
int size = ((int)fmt.size()) * 2 + 50; // Use a rubric appropriate for your code
std::string str;
va_list ap;
while (1) { // Maximum two passes on a POSIX system...
str.resize(size);
va_start(ap, fmt);
int n = vsnprintf((char *)str.data(), size, fmt.c_str(), ap);
va_end(ap);
if (n > -1 && n < size) { // Everything worked
str.resize(n);
return str;
}
if (n > -1) // Needed size returned
size = n + 1; // For null char
else
size *= 2; // Guess at a larger size (OS specific)
}
return str;
}
一种更安全、更有效的方法(我测试过,它更快):
#include <stdarg.h> // For va_start, etc.
#include <memory> // For std::unique_ptr
std::string string_format(const std::string fmt_str, ...) {
int final_n, n = ((int)fmt_str.size()) * 2; /* Reserve two times as much as the length of the fmt_str */
std::unique_ptr<char[]> formatted;
va_list ap;
while(1) {
formatted.reset(new char[n]); /* Wrap the plain char array into the unique_ptr */
strcpy(&formatted[0], fmt_str.c_str());
va_start(ap, fmt_str);
final_n = vsnprintf(&formatted[0], n, fmt_str.c_str(), ap);
va_end(ap);
if (final_n < 0 || final_n >= n)
n += abs(final_n - n + 1);
else
break;
}
return std::string(formatted.get());
}
fmt_str是按值传递的,以符合va_start的要求。
注意:“更安全”和“更快”的版本在某些系统上不起作用。因此,两家公司仍在上市。此外,“更快”完全取决于预分配步骤是否正确,否则strcpy会使其变慢。
其他回答
更新1:增加了fmt::格式测试
我对这里介绍的方法进行了自己的研究,得到了与这里提到的完全相反的结果。
我用了4个函数/ 4个方法:
可变变量函数+ vsnprintf + std::unique_ptr 可变变量函数+ vsnprintf + std::string 可变变量模板函数+ std::ostringstream + std::tuple +实用程序::for_each 来自Fmt库的Fmt::format函数
对于googletest使用的测试后端。
#include <string>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <memory>
#include <algorithm>
#include <fmt/format.h>
inline std::string string_format(size_t string_reserve, const std::string fmt_str, ...)
{
size_t str_len = (std::max)(fmt_str.size(), string_reserve);
// plain buffer is a bit faster here than std::string::reserve
std::unique_ptr<char[]> formatted;
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, fmt_str);
while (true) {
formatted.reset(new char[str_len]);
const int final_n = vsnprintf(&formatted[0], str_len, fmt_str.c_str(), ap);
if (final_n < 0 || final_n >= int(str_len))
str_len += (std::abs)(final_n - int(str_len) + 1);
else
break;
}
va_end(ap);
return std::string(formatted.get());
}
inline std::string string_format2(size_t string_reserve, const std::string fmt_str, ...)
{
size_t str_len = (std::max)(fmt_str.size(), string_reserve);
std::string str;
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, fmt_str);
while (true) {
str.resize(str_len);
const int final_n = vsnprintf(const_cast<char *>(str.data()), str_len, fmt_str.c_str(), ap);
if (final_n < 0 || final_n >= int(str_len))
str_len += (std::abs)(final_n - int(str_len) + 1);
else {
str.resize(final_n); // do not forget to shrink the size!
break;
}
}
va_end(ap);
return str;
}
template <typename... Args>
inline std::string string_format3(size_t string_reserve, Args... args)
{
std::ostringstream ss;
if (string_reserve) {
ss.rdbuf()->str().reserve(string_reserve);
}
std::tuple<Args...> t{ args... };
utility::for_each(t, [&ss](auto & v)
{
ss << v;
});
return ss.str();
}
for_each实现从这里开始:遍历tuple
#include <type_traits>
#include <tuple>
namespace utility {
template <std::size_t I = 0, typename FuncT, typename... Tp>
inline typename std::enable_if<I == sizeof...(Tp), void>::type
for_each(std::tuple<Tp...> &, const FuncT &)
{
}
template<std::size_t I = 0, typename FuncT, typename... Tp>
inline typename std::enable_if<I < sizeof...(Tp), void>::type
for_each(std::tuple<Tp...> & t, const FuncT & f)
{
f(std::get<I>(t));
for_each<I + 1, FuncT, Tp...>(t, f);
}
}
测试:
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_0)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format(0, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_256)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format(256, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_std_string_0)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format2(0, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_std_string_256)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format2(256, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_0)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format3(0, "test test test", "+", 12345, "\n");
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_256)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format3(256, "test test test", "+", 12345, "\n");
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_0)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
std::ostringstream ss;
ss << "test test test" << "+" << 12345 << "\n";
const std::string v = ss.str();
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_256)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
std::ostringstream ss;
ss.rdbuf()->str().reserve(256);
ss << "test test test" << "+" << 12345 << "\n";
const std::string v = ss.str();
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_fmt_format_positional)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = fmt::format("{0:s}+{1:d}\n", "test test test", 12345);
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_fmt_format_named)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = fmt::format("{first:s}+{second:d}\n", fmt::arg("first", "test test test"), fmt::arg("second", 12345));
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR。
unsued.hpp:
#define UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(var) ::utility::unused_param(&var)
namespace utility {
extern const volatile void * volatile g_unused_param_storage_ptr;
extern void
#ifdef __GNUC__
__attribute__((optimize("O0")))
#endif
unused_param(const volatile void * p);
}
unused.cpp:
namespace utility {
const volatile void * volatile g_unused_param_storage_ptr = nullptr;
void
#ifdef __GNUC__
__attribute__((optimize("O0")))
#endif
unused_param(const volatile void * p)
{
g_unused_param_storage_ptr = p;
}
}
结果:
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_0
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_0 (556 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_256
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_256 (331 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_0
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_0 (457 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_256
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_256 (279 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_0
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_0 (1214 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_256
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_256 (1325 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_0
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_0 (1208 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_256
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_256 (1302 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_positional
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_positional (288 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_named
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_named (392 ms)
正如你所看到的,通过vsnprintf+std::string实现等于fmt::format,但比通过vsnprintf+std::unique_ptr更快,而vsnprintf+std::unique_ptr比通过std::ostringstream更快。
测试在Visual Studio 2015 Update 3中编译,运行于Windows 7 x64 / Intel酷睿i7-4820K CPU @ 3.70GHz / 16GB。
我用vsnprintf写了我自己的,所以它返回字符串,而不是必须创建我自己的缓冲区。
#include <string>
#include <cstdarg>
//missing string printf
//this is safe and convenient but not exactly efficient
inline std::string format(const char* fmt, ...){
int size = 512;
char* buffer = 0;
buffer = new char[size];
va_list vl;
va_start(vl, fmt);
int nsize = vsnprintf(buffer, size, fmt, vl);
if(size<=nsize){ //fail delete buffer and try again
delete[] buffer;
buffer = 0;
buffer = new char[nsize+1]; //+1 for /0
nsize = vsnprintf(buffer, size, fmt, vl);
}
std::string ret(buffer);
va_end(vl);
delete[] buffer;
return ret;
}
所以你可以用它
std::string mystr = format("%s %d %10.5f", "omg", 1, 10.5);
更新了一些答案,不同的是-函数将正确接受std::string为%s
namespace format_helper
{
template <class Src>
inline Src cast(Src v)
{
return v;
}
inline const char *cast(const std::string& v)
{
return v.c_str();
}
};
template <typename... Ts>
inline std::string stringfmt (const std::string &fmt, Ts&&... vs)
{
using namespace format_helper;
char b;
size_t required = std::snprintf(&b, 0, fmt.c_str(), cast(std::forward<Ts>(vs))...);//not counting the terminating null character.
std::string result;
//because we use string as container, it adds extra 0 automatically
result.resize(required , 0);
//and snprintf will use n-1 bytes supplied
std::snprintf(const_cast<char*>(result.data()), required + 1, fmt.c_str(), cast(std::forward<Ts>(vs))...);
return result;
}
生活:http://cpp.sh/5ajsv
Poco Foundation库有一个非常方便的格式函数,它在格式字符串和值中都支持std::string:
道格:http://pocoproject.org/docs/Poco.html # 7308 来源:https://github.com/pocoproject/poco/blob/develop/Foundation/src/Format.cpp
你不能直接这样做,因为你没有对底层缓冲区的写访问权(直到c++ 11;见Dietrich Epp的评论)。你必须先在c-string中执行,然后将其复制到std::string中:
char buff[100];
snprintf(buff, sizeof(buff), "%s", "Hello");
std::string buffAsStdStr = buff;
但我不确定为什么不直接使用字符串流?我想你有特定的理由不这么做:
std::ostringstream stringStream;
stringStream << "Hello";
std::string copyOfStr = stringStream.str();
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