我必须用sprintf格式化std::string,并将其发送到文件流。我该怎么做呢?
当前回答
为了以'sprintf'方式格式化std::string,调用snprintf(参数nullptr和0)来获得所需的缓冲区长度。使用c++ 11可变模板编写函数,如下所示:
#include <cstdio>
#include <string>
#include <cassert>
template< typename... Args >
std::string string_sprintf( const char* format, Args... args ) {
int length = std::snprintf( nullptr, 0, format, args... );
assert( length >= 0 );
char* buf = new char[length + 1];
std::snprintf( buf, length + 1, format, args... );
std::string str( buf );
delete[] buf;
return str;
}
使用c++11支持编译,例如在GCC: g++ -std=c++11中编译
用法:
std::cout << string_sprintf("%g, %g\n", 1.23, 0.001);
其他回答
这是谷歌的做法: facebook也以类似的方式:StringPrintf (Apache许可证) 两者都提供了一个方便的StringAppendF。
更新1:增加了fmt::格式测试
我对这里介绍的方法进行了自己的研究,得到了与这里提到的完全相反的结果。
我用了4个函数/ 4个方法:
可变变量函数+ vsnprintf + std::unique_ptr 可变变量函数+ vsnprintf + std::string 可变变量模板函数+ std::ostringstream + std::tuple +实用程序::for_each 来自Fmt库的Fmt::format函数
对于googletest使用的测试后端。
#include <string>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <memory>
#include <algorithm>
#include <fmt/format.h>
inline std::string string_format(size_t string_reserve, const std::string fmt_str, ...)
{
size_t str_len = (std::max)(fmt_str.size(), string_reserve);
// plain buffer is a bit faster here than std::string::reserve
std::unique_ptr<char[]> formatted;
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, fmt_str);
while (true) {
formatted.reset(new char[str_len]);
const int final_n = vsnprintf(&formatted[0], str_len, fmt_str.c_str(), ap);
if (final_n < 0 || final_n >= int(str_len))
str_len += (std::abs)(final_n - int(str_len) + 1);
else
break;
}
va_end(ap);
return std::string(formatted.get());
}
inline std::string string_format2(size_t string_reserve, const std::string fmt_str, ...)
{
size_t str_len = (std::max)(fmt_str.size(), string_reserve);
std::string str;
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, fmt_str);
while (true) {
str.resize(str_len);
const int final_n = vsnprintf(const_cast<char *>(str.data()), str_len, fmt_str.c_str(), ap);
if (final_n < 0 || final_n >= int(str_len))
str_len += (std::abs)(final_n - int(str_len) + 1);
else {
str.resize(final_n); // do not forget to shrink the size!
break;
}
}
va_end(ap);
return str;
}
template <typename... Args>
inline std::string string_format3(size_t string_reserve, Args... args)
{
std::ostringstream ss;
if (string_reserve) {
ss.rdbuf()->str().reserve(string_reserve);
}
std::tuple<Args...> t{ args... };
utility::for_each(t, [&ss](auto & v)
{
ss << v;
});
return ss.str();
}
for_each实现从这里开始:遍历tuple
#include <type_traits>
#include <tuple>
namespace utility {
template <std::size_t I = 0, typename FuncT, typename... Tp>
inline typename std::enable_if<I == sizeof...(Tp), void>::type
for_each(std::tuple<Tp...> &, const FuncT &)
{
}
template<std::size_t I = 0, typename FuncT, typename... Tp>
inline typename std::enable_if<I < sizeof...(Tp), void>::type
for_each(std::tuple<Tp...> & t, const FuncT & f)
{
f(std::get<I>(t));
for_each<I + 1, FuncT, Tp...>(t, f);
}
}
测试:
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_0)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format(0, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_256)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format(256, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_std_string_0)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format2(0, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_std_string_256)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format2(256, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_0)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format3(0, "test test test", "+", 12345, "\n");
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_256)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = string_format3(256, "test test test", "+", 12345, "\n");
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_0)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
std::ostringstream ss;
ss << "test test test" << "+" << 12345 << "\n";
const std::string v = ss.str();
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_256)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
std::ostringstream ss;
ss.rdbuf()->str().reserve(256);
ss << "test test test" << "+" << 12345 << "\n";
const std::string v = ss.str();
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_fmt_format_positional)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = fmt::format("{0:s}+{1:d}\n", "test test test", 12345);
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_fmt_format_named)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
const std::string v = fmt::format("{first:s}+{second:d}\n", fmt::arg("first", "test test test"), fmt::arg("second", 12345));
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
}
}
UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR。
unsued.hpp:
#define UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(var) ::utility::unused_param(&var)
namespace utility {
extern const volatile void * volatile g_unused_param_storage_ptr;
extern void
#ifdef __GNUC__
__attribute__((optimize("O0")))
#endif
unused_param(const volatile void * p);
}
unused.cpp:
namespace utility {
const volatile void * volatile g_unused_param_storage_ptr = nullptr;
void
#ifdef __GNUC__
__attribute__((optimize("O0")))
#endif
unused_param(const volatile void * p)
{
g_unused_param_storage_ptr = p;
}
}
结果:
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_0
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_0 (556 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_256
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_256 (331 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_0
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_0 (457 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_256
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_256 (279 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_0
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_0 (1214 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_256
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_256 (1325 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_0
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_0 (1208 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_256
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_256 (1302 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_positional
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_positional (288 ms)
[ RUN ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_named
[ OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_named (392 ms)
正如你所看到的,通过vsnprintf+std::string实现等于fmt::format,但比通过vsnprintf+std::unique_ptr更快,而vsnprintf+std::unique_ptr比通过std::ostringstream更快。
测试在Visual Studio 2015 Update 3中编译,运行于Windows 7 x64 / Intel酷睿i7-4820K CPU @ 3.70GHz / 16GB。
你不能直接这样做,因为你没有对底层缓冲区的写访问权(直到c++ 11;见Dietrich Epp的评论)。你必须先在c-string中执行,然后将其复制到std::string中:
char buff[100];
snprintf(buff, sizeof(buff), "%s", "Hello");
std::string buffAsStdStr = buff;
但我不确定为什么不直接使用字符串流?我想你有特定的理由不这么做:
std::ostringstream stringStream;
stringStream << "Hello";
std::string copyOfStr = stringStream.str();
下面是@iFreilicht答案的稍微修改版本,更新到c++ 14(使用make_unique函数而不是原始声明),并增加了对std::string参数的支持(基于Kenny Kerr的文章)
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <cstdio>
template <typename T>
T process_arg(T value) noexcept
{
return value;
}
template <typename T>
T const * process_arg(std::basic_string<T> const & value) noexcept
{
return value.c_str();
}
template<typename ... Args>
std::string string_format(const std::string& format, Args const & ... args)
{
const auto fmt = format.c_str();
const size_t size = std::snprintf(nullptr, 0, fmt, process_arg(args) ...) + 1;
auto buf = std::make_unique<char[]>(size);
std::snprintf(buf.get(), size, fmt, process_arg(args) ...);
auto res = std::string(buf.get(), buf.get() + size - 1);
return res;
}
int main()
{
int i = 3;
float f = 5.f;
char* s0 = "hello";
std::string s1 = "world";
std::cout << string_format("i=%d, f=%f, s=%s %s", i, f, s0, s1) << "\n";
}
输出:
i = 3, f = 5.000000, s = hello world
如果需要,可以随意将这个答案与原始答案合并。
c++ 17解决方案(这将工作于std::string和std::wstring):
分配一个缓冲区,格式化它,然后复制到另一个字符串是不高效的。可以创建格式化字符串大小的std::string,并直接格式化到字符串缓冲区中:
#include <string>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <cwchar>
#include <cstdio>
#include <type_traits>
template<typename T, typename ... Args>
std::basic_string<T> string_format(T const* const format, Args ... args)
{
int size_signed{ 0 };
// 1) Determine size with error handling:
if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, char>) { // C++17
size_signed = std::snprintf(nullptr, 0, format, args ...);
}
else {
size_signed = std::swprintf(nullptr, 0, format, args ...);
}
if (size_signed <= 0) {
throw std::runtime_error("error during formatting.");
}
const auto size = static_cast<size_t>(size_signed);
// 2) Prepare formatted string:
std::basic_string<T> formatted(size, T{});
if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, char>) { // C++17
std::snprintf(formatted.data(), size + 1, format, args ...); // +1 for the '\0' (it will not be part of formatted).
}
else {
std::swprintf(formatted.data(), size + 1, format, args ...); // +1 for the '\0' (it will not be part of formatted).
}
return formatted; // Named Return Value Optimization (NRVO), avoids an unnecessary copy.
}
此外:通常,format参数是char[] / wchar_t[] &创建std::string对象效率不高。传递char*或wchar_t* &如果你已经有一个std::string对象,你仍然可以使用它作为your_string.c_str()。例子:
int main()
{
int i{ 0 };
// The format parameter is a char[] / wchar_t[]:
const std::string title1 = string_format("story[%d].", ++i); // => "story[1]"
const std::wstring title2 = string_format(L"story[%d].", ++i); // => L"story[2]"
// If you already have a std::string object:
const std::string format1{ "story[%d]." };
const std::string title3 = string_format(format1.c_str(), ++i); // => "story[3]"
const std::wstring format2{ L"story[%d]." };
const std::wstring title4 = string_format(format2.c_str(), ++i); // => L"story[4]"
}
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