如果缓冲区不够大，无法打印字符串，就会出现问题。在打印格式化消息之前，必须确定格式化字符串的长度。 我制作了自己的帮助器(在Windows和Linux GCC上测试)，您可以尝试使用它。

String.cpp: http://pastebin.com/DnfvzyKP String.h: http://pastebin.com/7U6iCUMa

String.cpp:

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstring>
#include <string>

using ::std::string;

#pragma warning(disable : 4996)

#ifndef va_copy
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#define va_copy(dst, src) dst=src
#elif !(__cplusplus >= 201103L || defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__))
#define va_copy(dst, src) memcpy((void*)dst, (void*)src, sizeof(*src))
#endif
#endif

///
/// \breif Format message
/// \param dst String to store formatted message
/// \param format Format of message
/// \param ap Variable argument list
///
void toString(string &dst, const char *format, va_list ap) throw() {
  int length;
  va_list apStrLen;
  va_copy(apStrLen, ap);
  length = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, apStrLen);
  va_end(apStrLen);
  if (length > 0) {
    dst.resize(length);
    vsnprintf((char *)dst.data(), dst.size() + 1, format, ap);
  } else {
    dst = "Format error! format: ";
    dst.append(format);
  }
}

///
/// \breif Format message
/// \param dst String to store formatted message
/// \param format Format of message
/// \param ... Variable argument list
///
void toString(string &dst, const char *format, ...) throw() {
  va_list ap;
  va_start(ap, format);
  toString(dst, format, ap);
  va_end(ap);
}

///
/// \breif Format message
/// \param format Format of message
/// \param ... Variable argument list
///
string toString(const char *format, ...) throw() {
  string dst;
  va_list ap;
  va_start(ap, format);
  toString(dst, format, ap);
  va_end(ap);
  return dst;
}

///
/// \breif Format message
/// \param format Format of message
/// \param ap Variable argument list
///
string toString(const char *format, va_list ap) throw() {
  string dst;
  toString(dst, format, ap);
  return dst;
}


int main() {
  int a = 32;
  const char * str = "This works!";

  string test(toString("\nSome testing: a = %d, %s\n", a, str));
  printf(test.c_str());

  a = 0x7fffffff;
  test = toString("\nMore testing: a = %d, %s\n", a, "This works too..");
  printf(test.c_str());

  a = 0x80000000;
  toString(test, "\nMore testing: a = %d, %s\n", a, "This way is cheaper");
  printf(test.c_str());

  return 0;
}

String.h:

#pragma once
#include <cstdarg>
#include <string>

using ::std::string;

///
/// \breif Format message
/// \param dst String to store formatted message
/// \param format Format of message
/// \param ap Variable argument list
///
void toString(string &dst, const char *format, va_list ap) throw();
///
/// \breif Format message
/// \param dst String to store formatted message
/// \param format Format of message
/// \param ... Variable argument list
///
void toString(string &dst, const char *format, ...) throw();
///
/// \breif Format message
/// \param format Format of message
/// \param ... Variable argument list
///
string toString(const char *format, ...) throw();

///
/// \breif Format message
/// \param format Format of message
/// \param ap Variable argument list
///
string toString(const char *format, va_list ap) throw();

c++ 11内部使用vsnprintf()的解决方案:

#include <stdarg.h>  // For va_start, etc.

std::string string_format(const std::string fmt, ...) {
    int size = ((int)fmt.size()) * 2 + 50;   // Use a rubric appropriate for your code
    std::string str;
    va_list ap;
    while (1) {     // Maximum two passes on a POSIX system...
        str.resize(size);
        va_start(ap, fmt);
        int n = vsnprintf((char *)str.data(), size, fmt.c_str(), ap);
        va_end(ap);
        if (n > -1 && n < size) {  // Everything worked
            str.resize(n);
            return str;
        }
        if (n > -1)  // Needed size returned
            size = n + 1;   // For null char
        else
            size *= 2;      // Guess at a larger size (OS specific)
    }
    return str;
}

一种更安全、更有效的方法(我测试过，它更快):

#include <stdarg.h>  // For va_start, etc.
#include <memory>    // For std::unique_ptr

std::string string_format(const std::string fmt_str, ...) {
    int final_n, n = ((int)fmt_str.size()) * 2; /* Reserve two times as much as the length of the fmt_str */
    std::unique_ptr<char[]> formatted;
    va_list ap;
    while(1) {
        formatted.reset(new char[n]); /* Wrap the plain char array into the unique_ptr */
        strcpy(&formatted[0], fmt_str.c_str());
        va_start(ap, fmt_str);
        final_n = vsnprintf(&formatted[0], n, fmt_str.c_str(), ap);
        va_end(ap);
        if (final_n < 0 || final_n >= n)
            n += abs(final_n - n + 1);
        else
            break;
    }
    return std::string(formatted.get());
}

fmt_str是按值传递的，以符合va_start的要求。

注意:“更安全”和“更快”的版本在某些系统上不起作用。因此，两家公司仍在上市。此外，“更快”完全取决于预分配步骤是否正确，否则strcpy会使其变慢。

我试了一下，用正则表达式。我为int和const字符串实现了它作为一个例子，但你可以添加任何其他类型(POD类型，但有指针，你可以打印任何东西)。

#include <assert.h>
#include <cstdarg>

#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <regex>

static std::string
formatArg(std::string argDescr, va_list args) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    if (argDescr == "i") {
        int val = va_arg(args, int);
        ss << val;
        return ss.str();
    }
    if (argDescr == "s") {
        const char *val = va_arg(args, const char*);
        ss << val;
        return ss.str();
    }
    assert(0); //Not implemented
}

std::string format(std::string fmt, ...) {
    std::string result(fmt);
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, fmt);
    std::regex e("\\{([^\\{\\}]+)\\}");
    std::smatch m;
    while (std::regex_search(fmt, m, e)) {
        std::string formattedArg = formatArg(m[1].str(), args);
        fmt.replace(m.position(), m.length(), formattedArg);
    }
    va_end(args);
    return fmt;
}

下面是一个使用它的例子:

std::string formatted = format("I am {s} and I have {i} cats", "bob", 3);
std::cout << formatted << std::endl;

输出:

我是鲍勃，我有三只猫

以下是我的(简单的解决方案):

std::string Format(const char* lpszFormat, ...)
{
    // Warning : "vsnprintf" crashes with an access violation
    // exception if lpszFormat is not a "const char*" (for example, const string&)

    size_t  nSize     = 1024;
    char    *lpBuffer = (char*)malloc(nSize);

    va_list lpParams;

    while (true)
    {
        va_start(lpParams, lpszFormat);

        int nResult = vsnprintf(
            lpBuffer,
            nSize,
            lpszFormat,
            lpParams
        );

        va_end(lpParams);

        if ((nResult >= 0) && (nResult < (int)nSize) )
        {
            // Success

            lpBuffer[nResult] = '\0';
            std::string sResult(lpBuffer);

            free (lpBuffer);

            return sResult;
        }
        else
        {
            // Increase buffer

            nSize =
                  (nResult < 0)
                ? nSize *= 2
                : (nResult + 1)
            ;

            lpBuffer = (char *)realloc(lpBuffer, nSize);
        }
    }
}

对于Visual C:

std::wstring stringFormat(const wchar_t* fmt, ...)
{
    if (!fmt) {
        return L"";
    }

    std::vector<wchar_t> buff;
    size_t size = wcslen(fmt) * 2;
    buff.resize(size);
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap, fmt);
    while (true) {
        int ret = _vsnwprintf_s(buff.data(), size, _TRUNCATE, fmt, ap);
        if (ret != -1)
            break;
        else {
            size *= 2;
            buff.resize(size);
        }
    }
    va_end(ap);
    return std::wstring(buff.data());
}

我对这个非常流行的问题的看法。

引用printf类函数的manpage:

Upon successful return, these functions return the number of characters printed (excluding the null byte used to end output to strings). The functions snprintf() and vsnprintf() do not write more than size bytes (including the terminating null byte ('\0')). If the output was truncated due to this limit then the return value is the number of characters (excluding the terminating null byte) which would have been written to the final string if enough space had been available. Thus, a return value of size or more means that the output was truncated.

换句话说，一个正常的c++ 11实现应该是这样的:

#include <string>
#include <cstdio>

template <typename... Ts>
std::string fmt (const std::string &fmt, Ts... vs)
{
    char b;
    size_t required = std::snprintf(&b, 0, fmt.c_str(), vs...) + 1;
        // See comments: the +1 is necessary, while the first parameter
        //               can also be set to nullptr

    char bytes[required];
    std::snprintf(bytes, required, fmt.c_str(), vs...);

    return std::string(bytes);
}

它工作得很好:)

只有c++ 11支持可变参数模板。pixelpoint的答案显示了使用较旧的编程风格的类似技术。

奇怪的是，c++没有这样一个开箱即用的东西。他们最近添加了to_string()，在我看来这是向前迈出的一大步。我想知道他们是否最终会给std::string添加一个.format操作符…

Edit

正如alexk7指出的那样，std::snprintf的返回值需要A +1，因为我们需要为\0字节留出空间。直观地说，在大多数体系结构上，缺少+1将导致所需的整数部分被0覆盖。这将在std::snprintf的required作为实际参数计算之后发生，因此效果不应该可见。

然而，这个问题可以改变，例如编译器优化:如果编译器决定为所需的变量使用寄存器怎么办?这类错误有时会导致安全问题。