看一下shFlags，它是一个可移植的shell库(意思是:sh, bash, dash, ksh, zsh在Linux, Solaris等上)。

它使得添加新标志就像在脚本中添加一行一样简单，并且它提供了一个自动生成的用法函数。

这是一个简单的Hello, world!使用shFlag:

#!/bin/sh

# source shflags from current directory
. ./shflags

# define a 'name' command-line string flag
DEFINE_string 'name' 'world' 'name to say hello to' 'n'

# parse the command-line
FLAGS "$@" || exit 1
eval set -- "${FLAGS_ARGV}"

# say hello
echo "Hello, ${FLAGS_name}!"

对于具有支持长选项的增强getopt的操作系统(例如Linux)，您可以这样做:

$ ./hello_world.sh --name Kate
Hello, Kate!

对于其他情况，您必须使用短选项:

$ ./hello_world.sh -n Kate
Hello, Kate!

添加一个新标志就像添加一个新的DEFINE_调用一样简单。

Getopts“可以用来”解析长选项，只要你不希望它们有参数……

以下是如何:

$ cat > longopt
while getopts 'e:-:' OPT; do
  case $OPT in
    e) echo echo: $OPTARG;;
    -) #long option
       case $OPTARG in
         long-option) echo long option;;
         *) echo long option: $OPTARG;;
       esac;;
  esac
done

$ bash longopt -e asd --long-option --long1 --long2 -e test
echo: asd
long option
long option: long1
long option: long2
echo: test

如果尝试使用OPTIND获取长选项的参数，getopts将把它作为第一个不可选的位置参数，并停止解析任何其他参数。 在这种情况下，您最好使用简单的case语句手动处理它。

这将“总是”工作:

$ cat >longopt2
while (($#)); do
    OPT=$1
    shift
    case $OPT in
        --*) case ${OPT:2} in
            long1) echo long1 option;;
            complex) echo comples with argument $1; shift;;
        esac;;

        -*) case ${OPT:1} in
            a) echo short option a;;
            b) echo short option b with parameter $1; shift;;
        esac;;
    esac
done


$ bash longopt2 --complex abc -a --long -b test
comples with argument abc
short option a
short option b with parameter test

尽管它不像getopts那么灵活，而且你必须在用例实例中自己做很多错误检查代码……

但这是一种选择。

Bash内置的getopts函数可以通过在optspec中放入破折号和冒号来解析长选项:

#!/usr/bin/env bash 
optspec=":hv-:"
while getopts "$optspec" optchar; do
    case "${optchar}" in
        -)
            case "${OPTARG}" in
                loglevel)
                    val="${!OPTIND}"; OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND + 1 ))
                    echo "Parsing option: '--${OPTARG}', value: '${val}'" >&2;
                    ;;
                loglevel=*)
                    val=${OPTARG#*=}
                    opt=${OPTARG%=$val}
                    echo "Parsing option: '--${opt}', value: '${val}'" >&2
                    ;;
                *)
                    if [ "$OPTERR" = 1 ] && [ "${optspec:0:1}" != ":" ]; then
                        echo "Unknown option --${OPTARG}" >&2
                    fi
                    ;;
            esac;;
        h)
            echo "usage: $0 [-v] [--loglevel[=]<value>]" >&2
            exit 2
            ;;
        v)
            echo "Parsing option: '-${optchar}'" >&2
            ;;
        *)
            if [ "$OPTERR" != 1 ] || [ "${optspec:0:1}" = ":" ]; then
                echo "Non-option argument: '-${OPTARG}'" >&2
            fi
            ;;
    esac
done

拷贝到当前工作目录中的可执行文件name=getopts_test.sh后，可以生成如下输出

$ ./getopts_test.sh
$ ./getopts_test.sh -f
Non-option argument: '-f'
$ ./getopts_test.sh -h
usage: code/getopts_test.sh [-v] [--loglevel[=]<value>]
$ ./getopts_test.sh --help
$ ./getopts_test.sh -v
Parsing option: '-v'
$ ./getopts_test.sh --very-bad
$ ./getopts_test.sh --loglevel
Parsing option: '--loglevel', value: ''
$ ./getopts_test.sh --loglevel 11
Parsing option: '--loglevel', value: '11'
$ ./getopts_test.sh --loglevel=11
Parsing option: '--loglevel', value: '11'

显然，getopts既不执行OPTERR检查，也不对长选项执行选项参数解析。上面的脚本片段展示了如何手动完成这一工作。基本原理也适用于Debian Almquist shell(“破折号”)。注意特殊情况:

getopts -- "-:"  ## without the option terminator "-- " bash complains about "-:"
getopts "-:"     ## this works in the Debian Almquist shell ("dash")

请注意，正如http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ上的GreyCat指出的那样，这个技巧利用了shell的非标准行为，允许选项参数(即“-ffilename”中的文件名)连接到选项(如“-ffilename”)。POSIX标准规定它们之间必须有一个空格，在"——longoption"的情况下，空格将终止选项解析并将所有长选项转换为非选项参数。

对于getopts部分，如果需要较长的命令行选项，使用ksh可能更简单，因为在ksh中更容易完成。

# Working Getopts Long => KSH

#! /bin/ksh
# Getopts Long
USAGE="s(showconfig)"
USAGE+="c:(createdb)"
USAGE+="l:(createlistener)"
USAGE+="g:(generatescripts)"
USAGE+="r:(removedb)"
USAGE+="x:(removelistener)"
USAGE+="t:(createtemplate)"
USAGE+="h(help)"

while getopts "$USAGE" optchar ; do
    case $optchar in
    s)  echo "Displaying Configuration" ;;
        c)  echo "Creating Database $OPTARG" ;;
    l)  echo "Creating Listener LISTENER_$OPTARG" ;;
    g)  echo "Generating Scripts for Database $OPTARG" ;;
    r)  echo "Removing Database $OPTARG" ;;
    x)  echo "Removing Listener LISTENER_$OPTARG" ;;
    t)  echo "Creating Database Template" ;;
    h)  echo "Help" ;;
    esac
done

使用带有短/长选项和参数的getopts

适用于所有组合，例如:

Foobar -f——bar Foobar——foo -b Foobar -bf -bar - Foobar foobar -fbFBAshorty——bar -FB——arguments=longhorn foobar -fA "text shorty" -B——arguments="text longhorn" bash foobar -F—barfoo sh foobar - b——foobar -… bash ./foobar -F——bar

本例中的一些声明

Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty

Usage函数看起来如何

function _usage() 
{
  ###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
  cat <<EOF
   foobar $Options
  $*
          Usage: foobar <[options]>
          Options:
                  -b   --bar            Set bar to yes    ($foo)
                  -f   --foo            Set foo to yes    ($bart)
                  -h   --help           Show this message
                  -A   --arguments=...  Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
                  -B   --barfoo         Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
                  -F   --foobar         Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}

[ $# = 0 ] && _usage "  >>>>>>>> no options given "

具有长/短标志和长参数的getop

while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
  case "$OPTION" in
    b  ) sbar=yes                       ;;
    f  ) sfoo=yes                       ;;
    h  ) _usage                         ;;   
    A  ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG"  ;;
    B  ) sbarfoo=yes                    ;;
    F  ) sfoobar=yes                    ;;
    -  ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
         eval OPTION="\$$optind"
         OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
         OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
         case $OPTION in
             --foo       ) lfoo=yes                       ;;
             --bar       ) lbar=yes                       ;;
             --foobar    ) lfoobar=yes                    ;;
             --barfoo    ) lbarfoo=yes                    ;;
             --help      ) _usage                         ;;
             --arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG"  ;; 
             * )  _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
         esac
       OPTIND=1
       shift
      ;;
    ? )  _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) "  ;;
  esac
done

输出

##################################################################
echo "----------------------------------------------------------"
echo "RESULT short-foo      : $sfoo                                    long-foo      : $lfoo"
echo "RESULT short-bar      : $sbar                                    long-bar      : $lbar"
echo "RESULT short-foobar   : $sfoobar                                 long-foobar   : $lfoobar"
echo "RESULT short-barfoo   : $sbarfoo                                 long-barfoo   : $lbarfoo"
echo "RESULT short-arguments: $sarguments  with Argument = \"$sARG\"   long-arguments: $larguments and $lARG"

将上述内容组合成一个内聚脚本

#!/bin/bash
# foobar: getopts with short and long options AND arguments

function _cleanup ()
{
  unset -f _usage _cleanup ; return 0
}

## Clear out nested functions on exit
trap _cleanup INT EXIT RETURN

###### some declarations for this example ######
Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty

function _usage() 
{
  ###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
  cat <<EOF
   foobar $Options
   $*
          Usage: foobar <[options]>
          Options:
                  -b   --bar            Set bar to yes    ($foo)
                    -f   --foo            Set foo to yes    ($bart)
                      -h   --help           Show this message
                  -A   --arguments=...  Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
                  -B   --barfoo         Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
                  -F   --foobar         Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}

[ $# = 0 ] && _usage "  >>>>>>>> no options given "

##################################################################    
#######  "getopts" with: short options  AND  long options  #######
#######            AND  short/long arguments               #######
while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
  case "$OPTION" in
    b  ) sbar=yes                       ;;
    f  ) sfoo=yes                       ;;
    h  ) _usage                         ;;   
    A  ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG"  ;;
    B  ) sbarfoo=yes                    ;;
    F  ) sfoobar=yes                    ;;
    -  ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
         eval OPTION="\$$optind"
         OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
         OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
         case $OPTION in
             --foo       ) lfoo=yes                       ;;
             --bar       ) lbar=yes                       ;;
             --foobar    ) lfoobar=yes                    ;;
             --barfoo    ) lbarfoo=yes                    ;;
             --help      ) _usage                         ;;
               --arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG"  ;; 
             * )  _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
         esac
       OPTIND=1
       shift
      ;;
    ? )  _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) "  ;;
  esac
done

我还没有足够的代表来评论或投票他的解决方案，但他的答案对我来说非常有效。我遇到的唯一问题是参数以单引号结尾(所以我把它们去掉了)。

我还添加了一些示例用法和帮助文本。我将在这里附上我略微扩展的版本:

#!/bin/bash

# getopt example
# from: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/402377/using-getopts-in-bash-shell-script-to-get-long-and-short-command-line-options
HELP_TEXT=\
"   USAGE:\n
    Accepts - and -- flags, can specify options that require a value, and can be in any order. A double-hyphen (--) will stop processing options.\n\n

    Accepts the following forms:\n\n

    getopt-example.sh -a -b -c value-for-c some-arg\n
    getopt-example.sh -c value-for-c -a -b some-arg\n
    getopt-example.sh -abc some-arg\n
    getopt-example.sh --along --blong --clong value-for-c -a -b -c some-arg\n
    getopt-example.sh some-arg --clong value-for-c\n
    getopt-example.sh
"

aflag=false
bflag=false
cargument=""

# options may be followed by one colon to indicate they have a required argument
if ! options=$(getopt -o abc:h\? -l along,blong,help,clong: -- "$@")
then
    # something went wrong, getopt will put out an error message for us
    exit 1
fi

set -- $options

while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
    case $1 in
    -a|--along) aflag=true ;;
    -b|--blong) bflag=true ;;
    # for options with required arguments, an additional shift is required
    -c|--clong) cargument="$2" ; shift;;
    -h|--help|-\?) echo -e $HELP_TEXT; exit;;
    (--) shift; break;;
    (-*) echo "$0: error - unrecognized option $1" 1>&2; exit 1;;
    (*) break;;
    esac
    shift
done

# to remove the single quotes around arguments, pipe the output into:
# | sed -e "s/^'\\|'$//g"  (just leading/trailing) or | sed -e "s/'//g"  (all)

echo aflag=${aflag}
echo bflag=${bflag}
echo cargument=${cargument}

while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
    echo arg=$1
    shift

    if [[ $aflag == true ]]; then
        echo a is true
    fi

done