在Java中，当有人问:
什么是多态性?
重载或重写是可以接受的答案吗?
我认为事情远不止如此。
如果你有一个抽象基类，它定义了一个没有实现的方法，并且你在子类中定义了这个方法，这仍然是覆盖的吗?
我认为超负荷肯定不是正确的答案。
当前回答
重写更像是通过声明一个与上层方法(超级方法)具有相同名称和签名的方法来隐藏一个继承的方法，这为类添加了多态行为。 换句话说，选择要调用的级别方法的决定将在运行时而不是在编译时做出。 这就引出了接口和实现的概念。
其他回答
多态性是类实例的一种能力，它的行为就像它是其继承树中另一个类的实例一样，通常是它的祖先类之一。例如，在Java中，所有的类都继承自Object。因此，您可以创建Object类型的变量，并将任何类的实例分配给它。
An override is a type of function which occurs in a class which inherits from another class. An override function "replaces" a function inherited from the base class, but does so in such a way that it is called even when an instance of its class is pretending to be a different type through polymorphism. Referring to the previous example, you could define your own class and override the toString() function. Because this function is inherited from Object, it will still be available if you copy an instance of this class into an Object-type variable. Normally, if you call toString() on your class while it is pretending to be an Object, the version of toString which will actually fire is the one defined on Object itself. However, because the function is an override, the definition of toString() from your class is used even when the class instance's true type is hidden behind polymorphism.
重载是定义具有相同名称但具有不同参数的多个方法的操作。它与覆盖或多态性无关。
虽然，多态性已经在这篇文章中解释了很多细节，但我想更强调为什么它的一部分。
为什么多态性在任何面向对象语言中都如此重要。
让我们尝试为一个有或没有继承/多态性的电视构建一个简单的应用程序。在发布每个版本的应用程序后，我们会做一个小型回顾。
假设你是一家电视公司的软件工程师，你被要求为音量、亮度和颜色控制器编写软件，根据用户命令增加或减少它们的值。
首先，您可以通过添加来为每个特性编写类
set:—设置控制器的值。(假设它有特定于控制器的代码) get:—获取控制器的值。(假设它有特定于控制器的代码) 调整:—验证输入和设置控制器。(通用验证. .独立于控制器) 用户输入映射到控制器:—获取用户输入并相应调用控制器。
应用程序版本1
import java.util.Scanner;
class VolumeControllerV1 {
private int value;
int get() {
return value;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of VolumeController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of VolumeController \t"+this.value);
}
void adjust(int value) {
int temp = this.get();
if(((value > 0) && (temp >= 100)) || ((value < 0) && (temp <= 0))) {
System.out.println("Can not adjust any further");
return;
}
this.set(temp + value);
}
}
class BrightnessControllerV1 {
private int value;
int get() {
return value;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of BrightnessController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of BrightnessController \t"+this.value);
}
void adjust(int value) {
int temp = this.get();
if(((value > 0) && (temp >= 100)) || ((value < 0) && (temp <= 0))) {
System.out.println("Can not adjust any further");
return;
}
this.set(temp + value);
}
}
class ColourControllerV1 {
private int value;
int get() {
return value;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of ColourController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of ColourController \t"+this.value);
}
void adjust(int value) {
int temp = this.get();
if(((value > 0) && (temp >= 100)) || ((value < 0) && (temp <= 0))) {
System.out.println("Can not adjust any further");
return;
}
this.set(temp + value);
}
}
/*
* There can be n number of controllers
* */
public class TvApplicationV1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
VolumeControllerV1 volumeControllerV1 = new VolumeControllerV1();
BrightnessControllerV1 brightnessControllerV1 = new BrightnessControllerV1();
ColourControllerV1 colourControllerV1 = new ColourControllerV1();
OUTER: while(true) {
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(" Enter your option \n Press 1 to increase volume \n Press 2 to decrease volume");
System.out.println(" Press 3 to increase brightness \n Press 4 to decrease brightness");
System.out.println(" Press 5 to increase color \n Press 6 to decrease color");
System.out.println("Press any other Button to shutdown");
int button = sc.nextInt();
switch (button) {
case 1: {
volumeControllerV1.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 2: {
volumeControllerV1.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 3: {
brightnessControllerV1.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 4: {
brightnessControllerV1.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 5: {
colourControllerV1.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 6: {
colourControllerV1.adjust(-5);
break;
}
default:
System.out.println("Shutting down...........");
break OUTER;
}
}
}
}
现在，您已经准备好部署工作应用程序的第一个版本了。该分析到目前为止所做的工作了。
TV应用程序版本1中的问题
调整(int值)代码在所有三个类中都是重复的。您希望最小化代码表里不一。(但是您没有想到通用代码并将其移动到某个超类以避免重复代码)
只要应用程序按预期工作，您就决定接受这种情况。
有时候，你的Boss会回来找你，要求你在现有的应用程序中添加重置功能。Reset会将所有3个控制器设置为各自的默认值。
您开始为新功能编写一个新类(ResetFunctionV2)，并为这个新功能映射用户输入映射代码。
应用程序版本2
import java.util.Scanner;
class VolumeControllerV2 {
private int defaultValue = 25;
private int value;
int getDefaultValue() {
return defaultValue;
}
int get() {
return value;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of VolumeController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of VolumeController \t"+this.value);
}
void adjust(int value) {
int temp = this.get();
if(((value > 0) && (temp >= 100)) || ((value < 0) && (temp <= 0))) {
System.out.println("Can not adjust any further");
return;
}
this.set(temp + value);
}
}
class BrightnessControllerV2 {
private int defaultValue = 50;
private int value;
int get() {
return value;
}
int getDefaultValue() {
return defaultValue;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of BrightnessController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of BrightnessController \t"+this.value);
}
void adjust(int value) {
int temp = this.get();
if(((value > 0) && (temp >= 100)) || ((value < 0) && (temp <= 0))) {
System.out.println("Can not adjust any further");
return;
}
this.set(temp + value);
}
}
class ColourControllerV2 {
private int defaultValue = 40;
private int value;
int get() {
return value;
}
int getDefaultValue() {
return defaultValue;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of ColourController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of ColourController \t"+this.value);
}
void adjust(int value) {
int temp = this.get();
if(((value > 0) && (temp >= 100)) || ((value < 0) && (temp <= 0))) {
System.out.println("Can not adjust any further");
return;
}
this.set(temp + value);
}
}
class ResetFunctionV2 {
private VolumeControllerV2 volumeControllerV2 ;
private BrightnessControllerV2 brightnessControllerV2;
private ColourControllerV2 colourControllerV2;
ResetFunctionV2(VolumeControllerV2 volumeControllerV2, BrightnessControllerV2 brightnessControllerV2, ColourControllerV2 colourControllerV2) {
this.volumeControllerV2 = volumeControllerV2;
this.brightnessControllerV2 = brightnessControllerV2;
this.colourControllerV2 = colourControllerV2;
}
void onReset() {
volumeControllerV2.set(volumeControllerV2.getDefaultValue());
brightnessControllerV2.set(brightnessControllerV2.getDefaultValue());
colourControllerV2.set(colourControllerV2.getDefaultValue());
}
}
/*
* so on
* There can be n number of controllers
*
* */
public class TvApplicationV2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
VolumeControllerV2 volumeControllerV2 = new VolumeControllerV2();
BrightnessControllerV2 brightnessControllerV2 = new BrightnessControllerV2();
ColourControllerV2 colourControllerV2 = new ColourControllerV2();
ResetFunctionV2 resetFunctionV2 = new ResetFunctionV2(volumeControllerV2, brightnessControllerV2, colourControllerV2);
OUTER: while(true) {
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(" Enter your option \n Press 1 to increase volume \n Press 2 to decrease volume");
System.out.println(" Press 3 to increase brightness \n Press 4 to decrease brightness");
System.out.println(" Press 5 to increase color \n Press 6 to decrease color");
System.out.println(" Press 7 to reset TV \n Press any other Button to shutdown");
int button = sc.nextInt();
switch (button) {
case 1: {
volumeControllerV2.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 2: {
volumeControllerV2.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 3: {
brightnessControllerV2.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 4: {
brightnessControllerV2.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 5: {
colourControllerV2.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 6: {
colourControllerV2.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 7: {
resetFunctionV2.onReset();
break;
}
default:
System.out.println("Shutting down...........");
break OUTER;
}
}
}
}
因此，您已经为您的应用程序准备好了Reset特性。但是，现在你开始意识到
TV应用程序版本2中的问题
如果产品中引入了新的控制器，则必须更改Reset特性代码。 如果控制器的计数增长非常高，你将有问题在持有控制器的引用。 重置特性代码与所有控制器类的代码紧密耦合(以获取和设置默认值)。 重置功能类(ResetFunctionV2)可以访问控制器类的其他方法(调整)，这是不可取的。
与此同时，你从你的老板那里听说，你可能必须添加一个功能，其中每个控制器在启动时，需要通过互联网从公司的托管驱动程序库中检查最新版本的驱动程序。
现在，您开始认为这个要添加的新功能类似于Reset功能，如果您不重新分解应用程序，应用程序问题(V2)将成倍增加。
您开始考虑使用继承，以便能够利用JAVA的多态能力，并添加一个新的抽象类(ControllerV3)
声明get和set方法的签名。 包含调整方法实现，该方法之前在所有控制器中复制。 声明setDefault方法，以便利用多态性轻松实现重置功能。
有了这些改进，您就有了TV应用程序的版本3。
应用程序版本3
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;
abstract class ControllerV3 {
abstract void set(int value);
abstract int get();
void adjust(int value) {
int temp = this.get();
if(((value > 0) && (temp >= 100)) || ((value < 0) && (temp <= 0))) {
System.out.println("Can not adjust any further");
return;
}
this.set(temp + value);
}
abstract void setDefault();
}
class VolumeControllerV3 extends ControllerV3 {
private int defaultValue = 25;
private int value;
public void setDefault() {
set(defaultValue);
}
int get() {
return value;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of VolumeController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of VolumeController \t"+this.value);
}
}
class BrightnessControllerV3 extends ControllerV3 {
private int defaultValue = 50;
private int value;
public void setDefault() {
set(defaultValue);
}
int get() {
return value;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of BrightnessController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of BrightnessController \t"+this.value);
}
}
class ColourControllerV3 extends ControllerV3 {
private int defaultValue = 40;
private int value;
public void setDefault() {
set(defaultValue);
}
int get() {
return value;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of ColourController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of ColourController \t"+this.value);
}
}
class ResetFunctionV3 {
private List<ControllerV3> controllers = null;
ResetFunctionV3(List<ControllerV3> controllers) {
this.controllers = controllers;
}
void onReset() {
for (ControllerV3 controllerV3 :this.controllers) {
controllerV3.setDefault();
}
}
}
/*
* so on
* There can be n number of controllers
*
* */
public class TvApplicationV3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
VolumeControllerV3 volumeControllerV3 = new VolumeControllerV3();
BrightnessControllerV3 brightnessControllerV3 = new BrightnessControllerV3();
ColourControllerV3 colourControllerV3 = new ColourControllerV3();
List<ControllerV3> controllerV3s = new ArrayList<>();
controllerV3s.add(volumeControllerV3);
controllerV3s.add(brightnessControllerV3);
controllerV3s.add(colourControllerV3);
ResetFunctionV3 resetFunctionV3 = new ResetFunctionV3(controllerV3s);
OUTER: while(true) {
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(" Enter your option \n Press 1 to increase volume \n Press 2 to decrease volume");
System.out.println(" Press 3 to increase brightness \n Press 4 to decrease brightness");
System.out.println(" Press 5 to increase color \n Press 6 to decrease color");
System.out.println(" Press 7 to reset TV \n Press any other Button to shutdown");
int button = sc.nextInt();
switch (button) {
case 1: {
volumeControllerV3.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 2: {
volumeControllerV3.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 3: {
brightnessControllerV3.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 4: {
brightnessControllerV3.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 5: {
colourControllerV3.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 6: {
colourControllerV3.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 7: {
resetFunctionV3.onReset();
break;
}
default:
System.out.println("Shutting down...........");
break OUTER;
}
}
}
}
虽然V2问题列表中列出的大部分问题都得到了解决
TV应用程序版本3中的问题
重置功能类(ResetFunctionV3)可以访问控制器类的其他方法(调整)，这是不可取的。
同样，您考虑解决这个问题，因为现在还有另一个特性(启动时更新驱动程序)需要实现。如果你不修复它，它也会被复制到新的功能上。
因此，将抽象类中定义的契约划分为两个接口
重置功能。 驱动程序更新。
并让你的第一个具体类实现如下所示
应用程序版本4
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;
interface OnReset {
void setDefault();
}
interface OnStart {
void checkForDriverUpdate();
}
abstract class ControllerV4 implements OnReset,OnStart {
abstract void set(int value);
abstract int get();
void adjust(int value) {
int temp = this.get();
if(((value > 0) && (temp >= 100)) || ((value < 0) && (temp <= 0))) {
System.out.println("Can not adjust any further");
return;
}
this.set(temp + value);
}
}
class VolumeControllerV4 extends ControllerV4 {
private int defaultValue = 25;
private int value;
@Override
int get() {
return value;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of VolumeController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of VolumeController \t"+this.value);
}
@Override
public void setDefault() {
set(defaultValue);
}
@Override
public void checkForDriverUpdate() {
System.out.println("Checking driver update for VolumeController .... Done");
}
}
class BrightnessControllerV4 extends ControllerV4 {
private int defaultValue = 50;
private int value;
@Override
int get() {
return value;
}
@Override
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of BrightnessController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of BrightnessController \t"+this.value);
}
@Override
public void setDefault() {
set(defaultValue);
}
@Override
public void checkForDriverUpdate() {
System.out.println("Checking driver update for BrightnessController .... Done");
}
}
class ColourControllerV4 extends ControllerV4 {
private int defaultValue = 40;
private int value;
@Override
int get() {
return value;
}
void set(int value) {
System.out.println("Old value of ColourController \t"+this.value);
this.value = value;
System.out.println("New value of ColourController \t"+this.value);
}
@Override
public void setDefault() {
set(defaultValue);
}
@Override
public void checkForDriverUpdate() {
System.out.println("Checking driver update for ColourController .... Done");
}
}
class ResetFunctionV4 {
private List<OnReset> controllers = null;
ResetFunctionV4(List<OnReset> controllers) {
this.controllers = controllers;
}
void onReset() {
for (OnReset onreset :this.controllers) {
onreset.setDefault();
}
}
}
class InitializeDeviceV4 {
private List<OnStart> controllers = null;
InitializeDeviceV4(List<OnStart> controllers) {
this.controllers = controllers;
}
void initialize() {
for (OnStart onStart :this.controllers) {
onStart.checkForDriverUpdate();
}
}
}
/*
* so on
* There can be n number of controllers
*
* */
public class TvApplicationV4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
VolumeControllerV4 volumeControllerV4 = new VolumeControllerV4();
BrightnessControllerV4 brightnessControllerV4 = new BrightnessControllerV4();
ColourControllerV4 colourControllerV4 = new ColourControllerV4();
List<ControllerV4> controllerV4s = new ArrayList<>();
controllerV4s.add(brightnessControllerV4);
controllerV4s.add(volumeControllerV4);
controllerV4s.add(colourControllerV4);
List<OnStart> controllersToInitialize = new ArrayList<>();
controllersToInitialize.addAll(controllerV4s);
InitializeDeviceV4 initializeDeviceV4 = new InitializeDeviceV4(controllersToInitialize);
initializeDeviceV4.initialize();
List<OnReset> controllersToReset = new ArrayList<>();
controllersToReset.addAll(controllerV4s);
ResetFunctionV4 resetFunctionV4 = new ResetFunctionV4(controllersToReset);
OUTER: while(true) {
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(" Enter your option \n Press 1 to increase volume \n Press 2 to decrease volume");
System.out.println(" Press 3 to increase brightness \n Press 4 to decrease brightness");
System.out.println(" Press 5 to increase color \n Press 6 to decrease color");
System.out.println(" Press 7 to reset TV \n Press any other Button to shutdown");
int button = sc.nextInt();
switch (button) {
case 1: {
volumeControllerV4.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 2: {
volumeControllerV4.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 3: {
brightnessControllerV4.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 4: {
brightnessControllerV4.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 5: {
colourControllerV4.adjust(5);
break;
}
case 6: {
colourControllerV4.adjust(-5);
break;
}
case 7: {
resetFunctionV4.onReset();
break;
}
default:
System.out.println("Shutting down...........");
break OUTER;
}
}
}
}
现在，您所面临的所有问题都得到了解决，并且您意识到使用继承和多态性可以实现
Keep various part of application loosely coupled.( Reset or Driver Update feature components don’t need to be made aware of actual controller classes(Volume, Brightness and Colour), any class implementing OnReset or OnStart will be acceptable to Reset or Driver Update feature components respectively). Application enhancement becomes easier.(New addition of controller wont impact reset or driver update feature component, and it is now really easy for you to add new ones) Keep layer of abstraction.(Now Reset feature can see only setDefault method of controllers and Reset feature can see only checkForDriverUpdate method of controllers)
希望，这有帮助:-)
什么是多态性?
来自java教程
多态性的字典定义是指生物学中的一个原理，在这个原理中，一个有机体或物种可以有许多不同的形式或阶段。这个原则也可以应用于面向对象编程和Java语言等语言。类的子类可以定义它们自己独特的行为，同时还可以共享父类的一些相同功能。
通过对实例和定义的考虑，应采用覆盖式回答。
关于你的第二个问题:
如果你有一个抽象基类，它定义了一个没有实现的方法，并且你在子类中定义了这个方法，这仍然是覆盖的吗?
它应该被称为重写。
看一下这个例子，了解不同类型的覆盖。
基类不提供实现，子类必须重写完整方法-(抽象) 基类提供默认实现，子类可以改变行为 子类通过调用super.methodName()作为第一条语句向基类实现添加扩展 基类定义了算法的结构(Template方法)，子类将覆盖算法的一部分
代码片段:
import java.util.HashMap;
abstract class Game implements Runnable{
protected boolean runGame = true;
protected Player player1 = null;
protected Player player2 = null;
protected Player currentPlayer = null;
public Game(){
player1 = new Player("Player 1");
player2 = new Player("Player 2");
currentPlayer = player1;
initializeGame();
}
/* Type 1: Let subclass define own implementation. Base class defines abstract method to force
sub-classes to define implementation
*/
protected abstract void initializeGame();
/* Type 2: Sub-class can change the behaviour. If not, base class behaviour is applicable */
protected void logTimeBetweenMoves(Player player){
System.out.println("Base class: Move Duration: player.PlayerActTime - player.MoveShownTime");
}
/* Type 3: Base class provides implementation. Sub-class can enhance base class implementation by calling
super.methodName() in first line of the child class method and specific implementation later */
protected void logGameStatistics(){
System.out.println("Base class: logGameStatistics:");
}
/* Type 4: Template method: Structure of base class can't be changed but sub-class can some part of behaviour */
protected void runGame() throws Exception{
System.out.println("Base class: Defining the flow for Game:");
while ( runGame) {
/*
1. Set current player
2. Get Player Move
*/
validatePlayerMove(currentPlayer);
logTimeBetweenMoves(currentPlayer);
Thread.sleep(500);
setNextPlayer();
}
logGameStatistics();
}
/* sub-part of the template method, which define child class behaviour */
protected abstract void validatePlayerMove(Player p);
protected void setRunGame(boolean status){
this.runGame = status;
}
public void setCurrentPlayer(Player p){
this.currentPlayer = p;
}
public void setNextPlayer(){
if ( currentPlayer == player1) {
currentPlayer = player2;
}else{
currentPlayer = player1;
}
}
public void run(){
try{
runGame();
}catch(Exception err){
err.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
class Player{
String name;
Player(String name){
this.name = name;
}
public String getName(){
return name;
}
}
/* Concrete Game implementation */
class Chess extends Game{
public Chess(){
super();
}
public void initializeGame(){
System.out.println("Child class: Initialized Chess game");
}
protected void validatePlayerMove(Player p){
System.out.println("Child class: Validate Chess move:"+p.getName());
}
protected void logGameStatistics(){
super.logGameStatistics();
System.out.println("Child class: Add Chess specific logGameStatistics:");
}
}
class TicTacToe extends Game{
public TicTacToe(){
super();
}
public void initializeGame(){
System.out.println("Child class: Initialized TicTacToe game");
}
protected void validatePlayerMove(Player p){
System.out.println("Child class: Validate TicTacToe move:"+p.getName());
}
}
public class Polymorphism{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
Game game = new Chess();
Thread t1 = new Thread(game);
t1.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
game.setRunGame(false);
Thread.sleep(1000);
game = new TicTacToe();
Thread t2 = new Thread(game);
t2.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
game.setRunGame(false);
}catch(Exception err){
err.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
输出:
Child class: Initialized Chess game
Base class: Defining the flow for Game:
Child class: Validate Chess move:Player 1
Base class: Move Duration: player.PlayerActTime - player.MoveShownTime
Child class: Validate Chess move:Player 2
Base class: Move Duration: player.PlayerActTime - player.MoveShownTime
Base class: logGameStatistics:
Child class: Add Chess specific logGameStatistics:
Child class: Initialized TicTacToe game
Base class: Defining the flow for Game:
Child class: Validate TicTacToe move:Player 1
Base class: Move Duration: player.PlayerActTime - player.MoveShownTime
Child class: Validate TicTacToe move:Player 2
Base class: Move Duration: player.PlayerActTime - player.MoveShownTime
Base class: logGameStatistics:
多态性就其意义而言更有可能……java中的override
这都是关于同一个对象在不同情况下的不同行为(在编程方式中…你可以调用不同的参数)
我认为下面的例子会帮助你理解……虽然它不是纯java代码…
public void See(Friend)
{
System.out.println("Talk");
}
但是如果我们改变参数…行为将会改变…
public void See(Enemy)
{
System.out.println("Run");
}
人(这里的“对象”)是一样的……
多态性简单来说就是“多种形式”。
它不需要继承来实现…作为接口实现，它根本不是继承，服务于多态需求。可以说，接口实现比继承更能满足多态需求。
例如，你会创建一个超类来描述所有会飞的东西吗?我不这么认为。你最好创建一个描述飞行的界面，然后就这样吧。
因此，由于接口描述行为，而方法名描述行为(对程序员来说)，将方法重载视为一种较小形式的多态性并不过分。
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