在Java中,有什么区别:

private final static int NUMBER = 10;

and

private final int NUMBER = 10;

两者都是私有的和final的,不同的是静态属性。

更好的是什么?,为什么?


当前回答

根据Jon的回答,如果你使用静态韵母,它将表现为一种“定义”。一旦你编译了使用它的类,它将在编译后的.class文件中被烧毁。 在这里查看我的帖子。

对于你的主要目标:如果你没有在类的不同实例中使用不同的NUMBER,我建议使用final和static。 (您只需要记住,在不考虑像我的案例研究所描述的那样可能出现的问题的情况下,不要复制已编译的类文件。大多数情况下不会发生这种情况,别担心:))

为了向你展示如何在实例中使用不同的值,检查下面的代码:

public class JustFinalAttr {
  public final int Number;

  public JustFinalAttr(int a){
    Number=a;
  }
}

...System.out.println(new JustFinalAttr(4).Number);

其他回答

以下是我的观点:

final           String CENT_1 = new Random().nextInt(2) == 0 ? "HEADS" : "TAILS";
final   static  String CENT_2 = new Random().nextInt(2) == 0 ? "HEADS" : "TAILS";

例子:

package test;

public class Test {

    final long OBJECT_ID = new Random().nextLong();
    final static long CLASSS_ID = new Random().nextLong();

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Test[] test = new Test[5];
        for (int i = 0; i < test.length; i++){
            test[i] = new Test();
            System.out.println("Class id: "+test[i].CLASSS_ID);//<- Always the same value
            System.out.println("Object id: "+test[i].OBJECT_ID);//<- Always different
        }
    }
}

关键是变量和函数可以返回不同的值。因此,最终变量可以被赋予不同的值。

静态变量属于类(这意味着所有对象共享该变量)。非静态变量属于每个对象。

public class ExperimentFinal {

private final int a;
private static final int b = 999; 

public ExperimentFinal(int a) {
    super();
    this.a = a;
}
public int getA() {
    return a;
}
public int getB() {
    return b;
}
public void print(int a, int b) {
    System.out.println("final int: " + a + " \nstatic final int: " + b);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
    ExperimentFinal test = new ExperimentFinal(9);
    test.print(test.getA(), test.getB());
} }

正如你可以看到上面的例子,对于“final int”,我们可以为类的每个实例(对象)分配变量,然而对于“static final int”,我们应该在类中分配一个变量(静态变量属于类)。

这是另一个简单的例子来理解静态,静态final, final变量的用法。代码注释有适当的解释。

public class City {

    // base price that is always same for all objects[For all cities].
    private static double iphone_base_price = 10000;

    // this is total price = iphone_base_price+iphone_diff;
    private double iphone_citi_price;

    // extra price added to iphone_base_price. It is constant per city. Every
    // city has its own difference defined,
    private final double iphone_diff;

    private String cityName = "";

    // static final will be accessible everywhere within the class but cant be
    // changed once initialized.
    private static final String countryName = "India";

    public City(String cityName, double iphone_diff) {
        super();
        this.iphone_diff = iphone_diff;
        iphone_citi_price = iphone_base_price + iphone_diff;
        this.cityName = cityName;

    }

    /**
     * get phone price
     * 
     * @return
     */
    private double getPrice() {

        return iphone_citi_price;
    }

    /**
     * Get city name
     * 
     * @return
     */
    private String getCityName() {

        return cityName;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // 300 is the
        City newyork = new City("Newyork", 300);
        System.out.println(newyork.getPrice() + "  " + newyork.getCityName());

        City california = new City("California", 800);
        System.out.println(california.getPrice() + "  " + california.getCityName());

        // We cant write below statement as a final variable can not be
        // reassigned
        // california.iphone_diff=1000; //************************

        // base price is defined for a class and not per instances.
        // For any number of object creation, static variable's value would be the same
        // for all instances until and unless changed.
        // Also it is accessible anywhere inside a class.
        iphone_base_price = 9000;

        City delhi = new City("delhi", 400);
        System.out.println(delhi.getPrice() + "  " + delhi.getCityName());

        City moscow = new City("delhi", 500);
        System.out.println(moscow.getPrice() + "  " + moscow.getCityName());

        // Here countryName is accessible as it is static but we can not change it as it is final as well. 
        //Something are meant to be accessible with no permission to modify it. 
        //Try un-commenting below statements
        System.out.println(countryName);

        // countryName="INDIA";
        // System.out.println(countryName);

    }

}

虽然其他答案似乎很清楚地表明,通常没有理由使用非静态常数,但我找不到任何人指出,可以在常量变量上使用不同值的各种实例。

考虑下面的例子:

public class TestClass {
    private final static double NUMBER = Math.random();

    public TestClass () {
        System.out.println(NUMBER);
    }
}

创建三个TestClass实例将打印三次相同的随机值,因为只生成一个值并将其存储到静态常量中。

但是,当尝试下面的例子时:

public class TestClass {
    private final double NUMBER = Math.random();

    public TestClass () {
        System.out.println(NUMBER);
    }
}

创建三个TestClass实例现在将打印三个不同的随机值,因为每个实例都有自己随机生成的常量值。

我想不出在任何情况下,在不同的实例上有不同的常量值是真正有用的,但我希望这有助于指出静态韵母和非静态韵母之间有明显的区别。

静态变量在应用程序的整个生命周期中都保留在内存中,并在类加载期间初始化。每次构造一个新对象时,都会初始化一个非静态变量。通常更好的方法是:

private static final int NUMBER = 10;

为什么?这减少了每个实例的内存占用。它可能也有利于缓存命中。这是有意义的:静态应该用于在特定类型(类)的所有实例(也就是对象)之间共享的东西。