在开发嵌入式系统或设备驱动程序时，需要使用Volatile，因为在这些驱动程序中需要读写内存映射的硬件设备。特定设备寄存器的内容随时都可能改变，所以你需要volatile关键字来确保这样的访问不会被编译器优化。

在开发嵌入式系统或设备驱动程序时，需要使用Volatile，因为在这些驱动程序中需要读写内存映射的硬件设备。特定设备寄存器的内容随时都可能改变，所以你需要volatile关键字来确保这样的访问不会被编译器优化。

我想引用Herb Sutter在GotW #95中的一句话，这有助于理解volatile变量的含义:

C++ volatile variables (which have no analog in languages like C# and Java) are always beyond the scope of this and any other article about the memory model and synchronization. That’s because C++ volatile variables aren’t about threads or communication at all and don’t interact with those things. Rather, a C++ volatile variable should be viewed as portal into a different universe beyond the language — a memory location that by definition does not obey the language’s memory model because that memory location is accessed by hardware (e.g., written to by a daughter card), have more than one address, or is otherwise “strange” and beyond the language. So C++ volatile variables are universally an exception to every guideline about synchronization because are always inherently “racy” and unsynchronizable using the normal tools (mutexes, atomics, etc.) and more generally exist outside all normal of the language and compiler including that they generally cannot be optimized by the compiler (because the compiler isn’t allowed to know their semantics; a volatile int vi; may not behave anything like a normal int, and you can’t even assume that code like vi = 5; int read_back = vi; is guaranteed to result in read_back == 5, or that code like int i = vi; int j = vi; that reads vi twice will result in i == j which will not be true if vi is a hardware counter for example).

除了volatile关键字用于告诉编译器不要优化对某些变量(可以由线程或中断例程修改)的访问之外，它还可以用于删除一些编译器错误——是的，它可以是——。

例如，我在一个嵌入式平台上工作，编译器对变量的值做出了一些错误的假设。如果代码没有优化，程序可以正常运行。通过优化(这是非常必要的，因为这是一个关键的例程)，代码将无法正常工作。唯一的解决方案(虽然不是很正确)是将“错误的”变量声明为volatile。

除了按预期使用它，volatile还用于(模板)元编程。它可以用来防止意外重载，因为volatile属性(如const)参与了重载解析。

template <typename T> 
class Foo {
  std::enable_if_t<sizeof(T)==4, void> f(T& t) 
  { std::cout << 1 << t; }
  void f(T volatile& t) 
  { std::cout << 2 << const_cast<T&>(t); }

  void bar() { T t; f(t); }
};

这是合法的;这两个重载都可能是可调用的，并且执行几乎相同的操作。在volatile重载中的强制转换是合法的，因为我们知道bar无论如何都不会通过一个非volatile T。不过，volatile版本严格来说更糟糕，所以如果非volatile f可用，则永远不要在重载分辨率中选择。

注意，代码实际上从不依赖于volatile内存访问。

在标准C中，使用volatile的一个地方是在信号处理程序中。事实上，在标准C中，在信号处理程序中可以安全地做的就是修改易失性sig_atomic_t变量，或者快速退出。事实上，AFAIK，这是标准C中唯一需要使用volatile来避免未定义行为的地方。

ISO/IEC 9899:2011 §7.14.1.1 The signal function ¶5 If the signal occurs other than as the result of calling the abort or raise function, the behavior is undefined if the signal handler refers to any object with static or thread storage duration that is not a lock-free atomic object other than by assigning a value to an object declared as volatile sig_atomic_t, or the signal handler calls any function in the standard library other than the abort function, the _Exit function, the quick_exit function, or the signal function with the first argument equal to the signal number corresponding to the signal that caused the invocation of the handler. Furthermore, if such a call to the signal function results in a SIG_ERR return, the value of errno is indeterminate.252) 252) If any signal is generated by an asynchronous signal handler, the behavior is undefined.

这意味着在标准C中，你可以这样写:

static volatile sig_atomic_t sig_num = 0;

static void sig_handler(int signum)
{
    signal(signum, sig_handler);
    sig_num = signum;
}

除此之外就没什么了。

POSIX对于在信号处理程序中可以做的事情要宽容得多，但仍然存在限制(其中一个限制是标准I/O库- printf()等-不能安全地使用)。