这里有很多答案。该代码展示了如何创建Exception，如何在方法中使用该异常，以及如何在单元测试中验证所引发的正确异常。

import unittest

class DeviceException(Exception):
    def __init__(self, msg, code):
        self.msg = msg
        self.code = code
    def __str__(self):
        return repr("Error {}: {}".format(self.code, self.msg))

class MyDevice(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'DefaultName'

    def setParameter(self, param, value):
        if isinstance(value, str):
            setattr(self, param , value)
        else:
            raise DeviceException('Incorrect type of argument passed. Name expects a string', 100001)

    def getParameter(self, param):
        return getattr(self, param)

class TestMyDevice(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.dev1 = MyDevice()

    def tearDown(self):
        del self.dev1

    def test_name(self):
        """ Test for valid input for name parameter """

        self.dev1.setParameter('name', 'MyDevice')
        name = self.dev1.getParameter('name')
        self.assertEqual(name, 'MyDevice')

    def test_invalid_name(self):
        """ Test to check if error is raised if invalid type of input is provided """

        self.assertRaises(DeviceException, self.dev1.setParameter, 'name', 1234)

    def test_exception_message(self):
        """ Test to check if correct exception message and code is raised when incorrect value is passed """

        with self.assertRaises(DeviceException) as cm:
            self.dev1.setParameter('name', 1234)
        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.msg, 'Incorrect type of argument passed. Name expects a string', 'mismatch in expected error message')
        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 100001, 'mismatch in expected error code')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

由于我还没有看到任何关于如何检查我们是否在使用上下文管理器的接受列表中获得特定异常的详细解释，或其他异常细节，我将添加我的(在Python 3.8上检查)。

如果我只是想检查函数是否引发实例TypeError，我会写:

with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
    function_raising_some_exception(parameters)

如果我想检查函数是否引发TypeError或IndexError，我会写:

with self.assertRaises((TypeError,IndexError)):
    function_raising_some_exception(parameters)

如果我想要更多关于异常引发的细节，我可以在这样的上下文中捕获它:

# Here I catch any exception
with self.assertRaises(Exception) as e:
    function_raising_some_exception(parameters)

# Here I check actual exception type (but I could
# check anything else about that specific exception,
# like it's actual message or values stored in the exception)
self.assertTrue(type(e.exception) in [TypeError,MatrixIsSingular])

你可以使用unittest模块中的assertRaises:

import unittest

class TestClass():
  def raises_exception(self):
    raise Exception("test")

class MyTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
  def test_if_method_raises_correct_exception(self):
    test_class = TestClass()
    # Note that you don’t use () when passing the method to assertRaises
    self.assertRaises(Exception, test_class.raises_exception)

从Python 2.7开始，你可以使用上下文管理器来获取实际抛出的Exception对象:

import unittest

def broken_function():
    raise Exception('This is broken')

class MyTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    def test(self):
        with self.assertRaises(Exception) as context:
            broken_function()

        self.assertTrue('This is broken' in context.exception)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

断言

在Python 3.5中，必须对上下文进行包装。否则你会得到一个TypeError

self.assertTrue('This is broken' in str(context.exception))

有4个选项(你会在最后找到完整的例子):

assertRaises与上下文管理器

def test_raises(self):
    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
        raise RuntimeError()

如果你想检查异常消息(参见下面的"assertRaisesRegex with context manager"选项来检查它的一部分):

def test_raises(self):
    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError) as error:
        raise RuntimeError("your exception message")
    self.assertEqual(str(error.exception), "your exception message")

assertRaises一行程序

注意:这里使用的函数不是函数调用，而是可调用函数(不带圆括号)。

def test_raises(self):
    self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, your_function)

assertRaisesRegex与上下文管理器

第二个参数是正则表达式，是必选项。当您只想检查部分异常消息时，非常方便。

def test_raises_regex(self):
    with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, r'.* exception message'):
        raise RuntimeError('your exception message')

assertRaisesRegex一行程序

第二个参数是正则表达式，是必选项。当您只想检查部分异常消息时，非常方便。

注意:这里使用的函数不是函数调用，而是可调用函数(不带圆括号)。

def test_raises_regex(self):
    self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, r'.* exception message', your_function)

完整的代码示例:

import unittest

def your_function():
    raise RuntimeError('your exception message')

class YourTestCase(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_1_raises_context_manager(self):
        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
            your_function()

    def test_1b_raises_context_manager_and_error_message(self):
        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError) as error:
            your_function()
        self.assertEqual(str(error.exception), "your exception message")

    def test_2_raises_oneliner(self):
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, your_function)

    def test_3_raises_regex_context_manager(self):
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, r'.* exception message'):
            your_function()

    def test_4_raises_regex_oneliner(self):
        self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, r'.* exception message', your_function)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

虽然这取决于开发人员遵循哪种风格，但我更喜欢使用上下文管理器的两种方法。

这里有很多答案。该代码展示了如何创建Exception，如何在方法中使用该异常，以及如何在单元测试中验证所引发的正确异常。

import unittest

class DeviceException(Exception):
    def __init__(self, msg, code):
        self.msg = msg
        self.code = code
    def __str__(self):
        return repr("Error {}: {}".format(self.code, self.msg))

class MyDevice(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'DefaultName'

    def setParameter(self, param, value):
        if isinstance(value, str):
            setattr(self, param , value)
        else:
            raise DeviceException('Incorrect type of argument passed. Name expects a string', 100001)

    def getParameter(self, param):
        return getattr(self, param)

class TestMyDevice(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.dev1 = MyDevice()

    def tearDown(self):
        del self.dev1

    def test_name(self):
        """ Test for valid input for name parameter """

        self.dev1.setParameter('name', 'MyDevice')
        name = self.dev1.getParameter('name')
        self.assertEqual(name, 'MyDevice')

    def test_invalid_name(self):
        """ Test to check if error is raised if invalid type of input is provided """

        self.assertRaises(DeviceException, self.dev1.setParameter, 'name', 1234)

    def test_exception_message(self):
        """ Test to check if correct exception message and code is raised when incorrect value is passed """

        with self.assertRaises(DeviceException) as cm:
            self.dev1.setParameter('name', 1234)
        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.msg, 'Incorrect type of argument passed. Name expects a string', 'mismatch in expected error message')
        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 100001, 'mismatch in expected error code')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()