只需制作一个可以关闭和打开的Matcher，如下所示：

public class ExceptionMatcher extends BaseMatcher<Throwable> {
    private boolean active = true;
    private Class<? extends Throwable> throwable;

    public ExceptionMatcher(Class<? extends Throwable> throwable) {
        this.throwable = throwable;
    }

    public void on() {
        this.active = true;
    }

    public void off() {
        this.active = false;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean matches(Object object) {
        return active && throwable.isAssignableFrom(object.getClass());
    }

    @Override
    public void describeTo(Description description) {
        description.appendText("not the covered exception type");
    }
}

要使用它：

add public ExpectedException exception=ExpectedException.none（）；，那么：

ExceptionMatcher exMatch = new ExceptionMatcher(MyException.class);
exception.expect(exMatch);
someObject.somethingThatThrowsMyException();
exMatch.off();

使用Java 8，您可以创建一个方法，将要检查的代码和预期异常作为参数：

private void expectException(Runnable r, Class<?> clazz) { 
    try {
      r.run();
      fail("Expected: " + clazz.getSimpleName() + " but not thrown");
    } catch (Exception e) {
      if (!clazz.isInstance(e)) fail("Expected: " + clazz.getSimpleName() + " but " + e.getClass().getSimpleName() + " found", e);
    }
  }

然后在测试中：

expectException(() -> list.sublist(0, 2).get(2), IndexOutOfBoundsException.class);

优点：

不依赖任何库本地化检查-更精确，如果需要，允许在一个测试中有多个这样的断言易于使用

Java 8解决方案

如果您想要一个解决方案：

利用Java 8 lambda不依赖任何JUnit魔法允许您检查单个测试方法中的多个异常检查测试方法中特定的一组行（而不是整个测试方法中的任何未知行）是否引发异常生成引发的实际异常对象，以便您可以进一步检查它

下面是我编写的实用函数：

public final <T extends Throwable> T expectException( Class<T> exceptionClass, Runnable runnable )
{
    try
    {
        runnable.run();
    }
    catch( Throwable throwable )
    {
        if( throwable instanceof AssertionError && throwable.getCause() != null )
            throwable = throwable.getCause(); //allows testing for "assert x != null : new IllegalArgumentException();"
        assert exceptionClass.isInstance( throwable ) : throwable; //exception of the wrong kind was thrown.
        assert throwable.getClass() == exceptionClass : throwable; //exception thrown was a subclass, but not the exact class, expected.
        @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
        T result = (T)throwable;
        return result;
    }
    assert false; //expected exception was not thrown.
    return null; //to keep the compiler happy.
}

（摘自我的博客）

使用方法如下：

@Test
public void testMyFunction()
{
    RuntimeException e = expectException( RuntimeException.class, () -> 
        {
            myFunction();
        } );
    assert e.getMessage().equals( "I haz fail!" );
}

public void myFunction()
{
    throw new RuntimeException( "I haz fail!" );
}

更新：JUnit5对异常测试进行了改进：assertThrows。

以下示例来自：Junit 5用户指南

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;

@Test
void exceptionTesting() {
    IllegalArgumentException exception = assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("a message");
    });
    assertEquals("a message", exception.getMessage());
}

使用JUnit 4的原始答案。

有几种方法可以测试是否引发异常。在我的文章《如何用JUnit编写优秀的单元测试》中，我还讨论了以下选项

设置预期参数@Test（预期=FileNotFoundException.class）。

@Test(expected = FileNotFoundException.class) 
public void testReadFile() { 
    myClass.readFile("test.txt");
}

使用try-catch

public void testReadFile() { 
    try {
        myClass.readFile("test.txt");
        fail("Expected a FileNotFoundException to be thrown");
    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
        assertThat(e.getMessage(), is("The file test.txt does not exist!"));
    }
     
}

使用ExpectedException规则进行测试。

@Rule
public ExpectedException thrown = ExpectedException.none();

@Test
public void testReadFile() throws FileNotFoundException {
    
    thrown.expect(FileNotFoundException.class);
    thrown.expectMessage(startsWith("The file test.txt"));
    myClass.readFile("test.txt");
}

您可以在JUnit4 wiki中阅读有关异常测试的更多信息，了解异常测试和bad.robot-Expected exceptions JUnit Rule。

只需制作一个可以关闭和打开的Matcher，如下所示：

public class ExceptionMatcher extends BaseMatcher<Throwable> {
    private boolean active = true;
    private Class<? extends Throwable> throwable;

    public ExceptionMatcher(Class<? extends Throwable> throwable) {
        this.throwable = throwable;
    }

    public void on() {
        this.active = true;
    }

    public void off() {
        this.active = false;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean matches(Object object) {
        return active && throwable.isAssignableFrom(object.getClass());
    }

    @Override
    public void describeTo(Description description) {
        description.appendText("not the covered exception type");
    }
}

要使用它：

add public ExpectedException exception=ExpectedException.none（）；，那么：

ExceptionMatcher exMatch = new ExceptionMatcher(MyException.class);
exception.expect(exMatch);
someObject.somethingThatThrowsMyException();
exMatch.off();

除了NamShubWriter所说的，还要确保：

ExpectedException实例是公共的（相关问题）ExpectedException未在@Before方法中实例化。这篇文章清楚地解释了JUnit执行顺序的所有复杂性。

不要这样做：

@Rule    
public ExpectedException expectedException;

@Before
public void setup()
{
    expectedException = ExpectedException.none();
}

最后，这篇博客文章清楚地说明了如何断言抛出了某个异常。