我认为delica的Python回答器有一个bug。我不能评论他的帖子，因为我没有代表来做这件事，编辑队列已经满了，所以我可能不是第一个注意到它的人。

avgFilter[lag - 1]和stdFilter[lag - 1]在init中设置，然后在lag == i时再次设置，而不是改变[lag]值。这个结果使得第一个信号总是1。

以下是带有轻微修正的代码:

import numpy as np

class real_time_peak_detection():
    def __init__(self, array, lag, threshold, influence):
        self.y = list(array)
        self.length = len(self.y)
        self.lag = lag
        self.threshold = threshold
        self.influence = influence
        self.signals = [0] * len(self.y)
        self.filteredY = np.array(self.y).tolist()
        self.avgFilter = [0] * len(self.y)
        self.stdFilter = [0] * len(self.y)
        self.avgFilter[self.lag - 1] = np.mean(self.y[0:self.lag]).tolist()
        self.stdFilter[self.lag - 1] = np.std(self.y[0:self.lag]).tolist()

    def thresholding_algo(self, new_value):
        self.y.append(new_value)
        i = len(self.y) - 1
        self.length = len(self.y)
        if i < self.lag:
            return 0
        elif i == self.lag:
            self.signals = [0] * len(self.y)
            self.filteredY = np.array(self.y).tolist()
            self.avgFilter = [0] * len(self.y)
            self.stdFilter = [0] * len(self.y)
            self.avgFilter[self.lag] = np.mean(self.y[0:self.lag]).tolist()
            self.stdFilter[self.lag] = np.std(self.y[0:self.lag]).tolist()
            return 0

        self.signals += [0]
        self.filteredY += [0]
        self.avgFilter += [0]
        self.stdFilter += [0]

        if abs(self.y[i] - self.avgFilter[i - 1]) > self.threshold * self.stdFilter[i - 1]:
            if self.y[i] > self.avgFilter[i - 1]:
                self.signals[i] = 1
            else:
                self.signals[i] = -1

            self.filteredY[i] = self.influence * self.y[i] + (1 - self.influence) * self.filteredY[i - 1]
            self.avgFilter[i] = np.mean(self.filteredY[(i - self.lag):i])
            self.stdFilter[i] = np.std(self.filteredY[(i - self.lag):i])
        else:
            self.signals[i] = 0
            self.filteredY[i] = self.y[i]
            self.avgFilter[i] = np.mean(self.filteredY[(i - self.lag):i])
            self.stdFilter[i] = np.std(self.filteredY[(i - self.lag):i])

        return self.signals[i]

我们尝试在我们的数据集上使用平滑的z-score算法，这导致了过度敏感或不敏感(取决于参数如何调整)，几乎没有中间地带。在我们站点的交通信号中，我们观察到一个低频基线，它代表了每天的周期，即使有最好的可能参数(如下所示)，它仍然在第4天下降，特别是因为大多数数据点被认为是异常的。

在原始z-score算法的基础上，我们提出了一种通过反向滤波来解决这个问题的方法。改进后的算法及其在电视商业流量归因中的应用详见我们的团队博客。

我允许自己创建一个javascript版本。也许会有帮助。javascript应该是上面给出的伪代码的直接转录。可用的npm包和github repo:

https://github.com/crux/smoothed-z-score @joe_six / smoothed-z-score-peak-signal-detection

Javascript的翻译:

// javascript port of: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22583391/peak-signal-detection-in-realtime-timeseries-data/48895639#48895639

function sum(a) {
    return a.reduce((acc, val) => acc + val)
}

function mean(a) {
    return sum(a) / a.length
}

function stddev(arr) {
    const arr_mean = mean(arr)
    const r = function(acc, val) {
        return acc + ((val - arr_mean) * (val - arr_mean))
    }
    return Math.sqrt(arr.reduce(r, 0.0) / arr.length)
}

function smoothed_z_score(y, params) {
    var p = params || {}
    // init cooefficients
    const lag = p.lag || 5
    const threshold = p.threshold || 3.5
    const influence = p.influece || 0.5

    if (y === undefined || y.length < lag + 2) {
        throw ` ## y data array to short(${y.length}) for given lag of ${lag}`
    }
    //console.log(`lag, threshold, influence: ${lag}, ${threshold}, ${influence}`)

    // init variables
    var signals = Array(y.length).fill(0)
    var filteredY = y.slice(0)
    const lead_in = y.slice(0, lag)
    //console.log("1: " + lead_in.toString())

    var avgFilter = []
    avgFilter[lag - 1] = mean(lead_in)
    var stdFilter = []
    stdFilter[lag - 1] = stddev(lead_in)
    //console.log("2: " + stdFilter.toString())

    for (var i = lag; i < y.length; i++) {
        //console.log(`${y[i]}, ${avgFilter[i-1]}, ${threshold}, ${stdFilter[i-1]}`)
        if (Math.abs(y[i] - avgFilter[i - 1]) > (threshold * stdFilter[i - 1])) {
            if (y[i] > avgFilter[i - 1]) {
                signals[i] = +1 // positive signal
            } else {
                signals[i] = -1 // negative signal
            }
            // make influence lower
            filteredY[i] = influence * y[i] + (1 - influence) * filteredY[i - 1]
        } else {
            signals[i] = 0 // no signal
            filteredY[i] = y[i]
        }

        // adjust the filters
        const y_lag = filteredY.slice(i - lag, i)
        avgFilter[i] = mean(y_lag)
        stdFilter[i] = stddev(y_lag)
    }

    return signals
}

module.exports = smoothed_z_score

以下是平滑z-score算法的Scala版本(非惯用):

/**
  * Smoothed zero-score alogrithm shamelessly copied from https://stackoverflow.com/a/22640362/6029703
  * Uses a rolling mean and a rolling deviation (separate) to identify peaks in a vector
  *
  * @param y - The input vector to analyze
  * @param lag - The lag of the moving window (i.e. how big the window is)
  * @param threshold - The z-score at which the algorithm signals (i.e. how many standard deviations away from the moving mean a peak (or signal) is)
  * @param influence - The influence (between 0 and 1) of new signals on the mean and standard deviation (how much a peak (or signal) should affect other values near it)
  * @return - The calculated averages (avgFilter) and deviations (stdFilter), and the signals (signals)
  */
private def smoothedZScore(y: Seq[Double], lag: Int, threshold: Double, influence: Double): Seq[Int] = {
  val stats = new SummaryStatistics()

  // the results (peaks, 1 or -1) of our algorithm
  val signals = mutable.ArrayBuffer.fill(y.length)(0)

  // filter out the signals (peaks) from our original list (using influence arg)
  val filteredY = y.to[mutable.ArrayBuffer]

  // the current average of the rolling window
  val avgFilter = mutable.ArrayBuffer.fill(y.length)(0d)

  // the current standard deviation of the rolling window
  val stdFilter = mutable.ArrayBuffer.fill(y.length)(0d)

  // init avgFilter and stdFilter
  y.take(lag).foreach(s => stats.addValue(s))

  avgFilter(lag - 1) = stats.getMean
  stdFilter(lag - 1) = Math.sqrt(stats.getPopulationVariance) // getStandardDeviation() uses sample variance (not what we want)

  // loop input starting at end of rolling window
  y.zipWithIndex.slice(lag, y.length - 1).foreach {
    case (s: Double, i: Int) =>
      // if the distance between the current value and average is enough standard deviations (threshold) away
      if (Math.abs(s - avgFilter(i - 1)) > threshold * stdFilter(i - 1)) {
        // this is a signal (i.e. peak), determine if it is a positive or negative signal
        signals(i) = if (s > avgFilter(i - 1)) 1 else -1
        // filter this signal out using influence
        filteredY(i) = (influence * s) + ((1 - influence) * filteredY(i - 1))
      } else {
        // ensure this signal remains a zero
        signals(i) = 0
        // ensure this value is not filtered
        filteredY(i) = s
      }

      // update rolling average and deviation
      stats.clear()
      filteredY.slice(i - lag, i).foreach(s => stats.addValue(s))
      avgFilter(i) = stats.getMean
      stdFilter(i) = Math.sqrt(stats.getPopulationVariance) // getStandardDeviation() uses sample variance (not what we want)
  }

  println(y.length)
  println(signals.length)
  println(signals)

  signals.zipWithIndex.foreach {
    case(x: Int, idx: Int) =>
      if (x == 1) {
        println(idx + " " + y(idx))
      }
  }

  val data =
    y.zipWithIndex.map { case (s: Double, i: Int) => Map("x" -> i, "y" -> s, "name" -> "y", "row" -> "data") } ++
    avgFilter.zipWithIndex.map { case (s: Double, i: Int) => Map("x" -> i, "y" -> s, "name" -> "avgFilter", "row" -> "data") } ++
    avgFilter.zipWithIndex.map { case (s: Double, i: Int) => Map("x" -> i, "y" -> (s - threshold * stdFilter(i)), "name" -> "lower", "row" -> "data") } ++
    avgFilter.zipWithIndex.map { case (s: Double, i: Int) => Map("x" -> i, "y" -> (s + threshold * stdFilter(i)), "name" -> "upper", "row" -> "data") } ++
    signals.zipWithIndex.map { case (s: Int, i: Int) => Map("x" -> i, "y" -> s, "name" -> "signal", "row" -> "signal") }

  Vegas("Smoothed Z")
    .withData(data)
    .mark(Line)
    .encodeX("x", Quant)
    .encodeY("y", Quant)
    .encodeColor(
      field="name",
      dataType=Nominal
    )
    .encodeRow("row", Ordinal)
    .show

  return signals
}

下面是一个测试，返回与Python和Groovy版本相同的结果:

val y = List(1d, 1d, 1.1d, 1d, 0.9d, 1d, 1d, 1.1d, 1d, 0.9d, 1d, 1.1d, 1d, 1d, 0.9d, 1d, 1d, 1.1d, 1d, 1d,
  1d, 1d, 1.1d, 0.9d, 1d, 1.1d, 1d, 1d, 0.9d, 1d, 1.1d, 1d, 1d, 1.1d, 1d, 0.8d, 0.9d, 1d, 1.2d, 0.9d, 1d,
  1d, 1.1d, 1.2d, 1d, 1.5d, 1d, 3d, 2d, 5d, 3d, 2d, 1d, 1d, 1d, 0.9d, 1d,
  1d, 3d, 2.6d, 4d, 3d, 3.2d, 2d, 1d, 1d, 0.8d, 4d, 4d, 2d, 2.5d, 1d, 1d, 1d)

val lag = 30
val threshold = 5d
val influence = 0d

smoothedZScore(y, lag, threshold, influence)

这里的要点

这是一个Python实现的鲁棒峰值检测算法算法。

初始化和计算部分被分开，只有filtered_y数组被保留，它的最大大小等于延迟，因此内存没有增加。(结果与上述答案相同)。 为了绘制图形，还保留了标签数组。

我做了一个github要点。

import numpy as np
import pylab

def init(x, lag, threshold, influence):
    '''
    Smoothed z-score algorithm
    Implementation of algorithm from https://stackoverflow.com/a/22640362/6029703
    '''

    labels = np.zeros(lag)
    filtered_y = np.array(x[0:lag])
    avg_filter = np.zeros(lag)
    std_filter = np.zeros(lag)
    var_filter = np.zeros(lag)

    avg_filter[lag - 1] = np.mean(x[0:lag])
    std_filter[lag - 1] = np.std(x[0:lag])
    var_filter[lag - 1] = np.var(x[0:lag])

    return dict(avg=avg_filter[lag - 1], var=var_filter[lag - 1],
                std=std_filter[lag - 1], filtered_y=filtered_y,
                labels=labels)


def add(result, single_value, lag, threshold, influence):
    previous_avg = result['avg']
    previous_var = result['var']
    previous_std = result['std']
    filtered_y = result['filtered_y']
    labels = result['labels']

    if abs(single_value - previous_avg) > threshold * previous_std:
        if single_value > previous_avg:
            labels = np.append(labels, 1)
        else:
            labels = np.append(labels, -1)

        # calculate the new filtered element using the influence factor
        filtered_y = np.append(filtered_y, influence * single_value
                               + (1 - influence) * filtered_y[-1])
    else:
        labels = np.append(labels, 0)
        filtered_y = np.append(filtered_y, single_value)

    # update avg as sum of the previuos avg + the lag * (the new calculated item - calculated item at position (i - lag))
    current_avg_filter = previous_avg + 1. / lag * (filtered_y[-1]
            - filtered_y[len(filtered_y) - lag - 1])

    # update variance as the previuos element variance + 1 / lag * new recalculated item - the previous avg -
    current_var_filter = previous_var + 1. / lag * ((filtered_y[-1]
            - previous_avg) ** 2 - (filtered_y[len(filtered_y) - 1
            - lag] - previous_avg) ** 2 - (filtered_y[-1]
            - filtered_y[len(filtered_y) - 1 - lag]) ** 2 / lag)  # the recalculated element at pos (lag) - avg of the previuos - new recalculated element - recalculated element at lag pos ....

    # calculate standard deviation for current element as sqrt (current variance)
    current_std_filter = np.sqrt(current_var_filter)

    return dict(avg=current_avg_filter, var=current_var_filter,
                std=current_std_filter, filtered_y=filtered_y[1:],
                labels=labels)

lag = 30
threshold = 5
influence = 0

y = np.array([1,1,1.1,1,0.9,1,1,1.1,1,0.9,1,1.1,1,1,0.9,1,1,1.1,1,1,1,1,1.1,0.9,1,1.1,1,1,0.9,
       1,1.1,1,1,1.1,1,0.8,0.9,1,1.2,0.9,1,1,1.1,1.2,1,1.5,1,3,2,5,3,2,1,1,1,0.9,1,1,3,
       2.6,4,3,3.2,2,1,1,0.8,4,4,2,2.5,1,1,1])

# Run algo with settings from above
result = init(y[:lag], lag=lag, threshold=threshold, influence=influence)

i = open('quartz2', 'r')
for i in y[lag:]:
    result = add(result, i, lag, threshold, influence)

# Plot result
pylab.subplot(211)
pylab.plot(np.arange(1, len(y) + 1), y)
pylab.subplot(212)
pylab.step(np.arange(1, len(y) + 1), result['labels'], color='red',
           lw=2)
pylab.ylim(-1.5, 1.5)
pylab.show()

c++ (Qt)演示端口，交互式参数

我已经将这个算法的演示应用程序移植到c++ (Qt)上。

代码可以在GitHub上找到这里。带有安装程序的Windows(64位)构建在发布页面上。最后，我将添加一些文档和其他发布版本。

您不能绘制点，但可以从文本文件中导入它们(用空格分隔点——换行也算作空格)。您还可以调整算法参数，实时查看效果。这对于针对特定数据集调整算法以及探索参数如何影响结果非常有用。

上面的截图有些过时;从那以后，我添加了两个原始算法中没有的实验性选项:

反向处理数据集的选项(似乎至少改善了功率谱的结果)。 选项，为峰值设置硬性最小阈值。

我还在窗口中间添加了一个笨拙的缩放/平移条，只需用鼠标拖动它来缩放和平移。

模糊的构建指令:

在发布页面上有一个Windows安装程序(64位)，但如果你想从源代码构建它，要点是:

安装Qt的构建工具，然后将qmake && make放在与.pro文件相同的目录下，或者 安装Qt Creator，打开.pro文件，选择任何默认的构建配置，然后按下构建和/或运行按钮(Creator的左下角)。

我只测试过Qt5。我有91%的信心，如果你手动配置组件，Qt Creator安装程序会让你安装Qt5(如果你手动配置组件，你还需要确认是否安装了Qt Charts)。Qt6可能是一个流畅的构建，也可能不是。有一天，我将测试Qt4和Qt6，使这些文档更好。也许吧。