3.8 < Python < 3.11

可以同时使用这两种装饰器。请看这个答案。

Python < 3.9

属性在类上创建，但会影响实例。所以如果你想要一个classmethod属性，在元类上创建这个属性。

>>> class foo(object):
...     _var = 5
...     class __metaclass__(type):  # Python 2 syntax for metaclasses
...         pass
...     @classmethod
...     def getvar(cls):
...         return cls._var
...     @classmethod
...     def setvar(cls, value):
...         cls._var = value
...     
>>> foo.__metaclass__.var = property(foo.getvar.im_func, foo.setvar.im_func)
>>> foo.var
5
>>> foo.var = 3
>>> foo.var
3

但由于您使用的是元类，因此如果您将类方法移到那里，它会读起来更好。

>>> class foo(object):
...     _var = 5
...     class __metaclass__(type):  # Python 2 syntax for metaclasses
...         @property
...         def var(cls):
...             return cls._var
...         @var.setter
...         def var(cls, value):
...             cls._var = value
... 
>>> foo.var
5
>>> foo.var = 3
>>> foo.var
3

或者，使用Python 3的元类=…语法，foo类体之外定义的元类，以及负责设置_var初始值的元类:

>>> class foo_meta(type):
...     def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
...         cls._var = 5
...     @property
...     def var(cls):
...         return cls._var
...     @var.setter
...     def var(cls, value):
...         cls._var = value
...
>>> class foo(metaclass=foo_meta):
...     pass
...
>>> foo.var
5
>>> foo.var = 3
>>> foo.var
3

这里有一个解决方案，它应该既适用于通过类访问，也适用于通过使用元类的实例访问。

In [1]: class ClassPropertyMeta(type):
   ...:     @property
   ...:     def prop(cls):
   ...:         return cls._prop
   ...:     def __new__(cls, name, parents, dct):
   ...:         # This makes overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__ in the class impossible, but should be fixable
   ...:         dct['__getattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr: getattr(cls, attr))
   ...:         dct['__setattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr, val: setattr(cls, attr, val))
   ...:         return super(ClassPropertyMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, parents, dct)
   ...:

In [2]: class ClassProperty(object):
   ...:     __metaclass__ = ClassPropertyMeta
   ...:     _prop = 42
   ...:     def __getattr__(self, attr):
   ...:         raise Exception('Never gets called')
   ...:

In [3]: ClassProperty.prop
Out[3]: 42

In [4]: ClassProperty.prop = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-e2e8b423818a> in <module>()
----> 1 ClassProperty.prop = 1

AttributeError: can't set attribute

In [5]: cp = ClassProperty()

In [6]: cp.prop
Out[6]: 42

In [7]: cp.prop = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-e8284a3ee950> in <module>()
----> 1 cp.prop = 1

<ipython-input-1-16b7c320d521> in <lambda>(cls, attr, val)
      6         # This makes overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__ in the class impossible, but should be fixable
      7         dct['__getattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr: getattr(cls, attr))
----> 8         dct['__setattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr, val: setattr(cls, attr, val))
      9         return super(ClassPropertyMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, parents, dct)

AttributeError: can't set attribute

这也适用于元类中定义的setter。

因为我需要修改一个属性，以一种可以被类的所有实例看到的方式，并且在调用这些类方法的作用域中没有对类的所有实例的引用。

您是否至少可以访问该类的一个实例?我可以想到一个办法:

class MyClass (object):
    __var = None

    def _set_var (self, value):
        type (self).__var = value

    def _get_var (self):
        return self.__var

    var = property (_get_var, _set_var)

a = MyClass ()
b = MyClass ()
a.var = "foo"
print b.var

这是我的解决方案，也缓存类属性

class class_property(object):
    # this caches the result of the function call for fn with cls input
    # use this as a decorator on function methods that you want converted
    # into cached properties

    def __init__(self, fn):
        self._fn_name = fn.__name__
        if not isinstance(fn, (classmethod, staticmethod)):
            fn = classmethod(fn)
        self._fn = fn

    def __get__(self, obj, cls=None):
        if cls is None:
            cls = type(obj)
        if (
            self._fn_name in vars(cls) and
            type(vars(cls)[self._fn_name]).__name__ != "class_property"
        ):
            return vars(cls)[self._fn_name]
        else:
            value = self._fn.__get__(obj, cls)()
            setattr(cls, self._fn_name, value)
            return value

对于Python 3.9之前的函数式方法，您可以使用以下方法:

def classproperty(fget):
  return type(
      'classproperty',
      (),
      {'__get__': lambda self, _, cls: fget(cls), '__module__': None}
  )()
  
class Item:
  a = 47

  @classproperty
  def x(cls):
    return cls.a

Item.x

没有合理的方法使这个“类属性”系统在Python中工作。

这里有一个不合理的方法。当然，您可以通过增加元类魔法使其更加无缝。

class ClassProperty(object):
    def __init__(self, getter, setter):
        self.getter = getter
        self.setter = setter
    def __get__(self, cls, owner):
        return getattr(cls, self.getter)()
    def __set__(self, cls, value):
        getattr(cls, self.setter)(value)

class MetaFoo(type):
    var = ClassProperty('getvar', 'setvar')

class Foo(object):
    __metaclass__ = MetaFoo
    _var = 5
    @classmethod
    def getvar(cls):
        print "Getting var =", cls._var
        return cls._var
    @classmethod
    def setvar(cls, value):
        print "Setting var =", value
        cls._var = value

x = Foo.var
print "Foo.var = ", x
Foo.var = 42
x = Foo.var
print "Foo.var = ", x

问题的症结在于，属性就是Python所说的“描述符”。没有简单的方法来解释这种元编程是如何工作的，所以我必须指向描述符howto。

只有当您正在实现一个相当高级的框架时，才需要了解这类事情。比如透明对象持久化或RPC系统，或者一种领域特定的语言。

然而，在对之前答案的评论中，你说你

需要修改一个属性，使其能够被类的所有实例看到，并且在调用这些类方法的作用域中没有对类的所有实例的引用。

在我看来，您真正想要的是Observer设计模式。