Python < 3.9的代码补全友好解决方案

from typing import (
    Callable,
    Generic,
    TypeVar,
)


T = TypeVar('T')


class classproperty(Generic[T]):
    """Converts a method to a class property.
    """

    def __init__(self, f: Callable[..., T]):
        self.fget = f

    def __get__(self, instance, owner) -> T:
        return self.fget(owner)

这是我的解决方案，也缓存类属性

class class_property(object):
    # this caches the result of the function call for fn with cls input
    # use this as a decorator on function methods that you want converted
    # into cached properties

    def __init__(self, fn):
        self._fn_name = fn.__name__
        if not isinstance(fn, (classmethod, staticmethod)):
            fn = classmethod(fn)
        self._fn = fn

    def __get__(self, obj, cls=None):
        if cls is None:
            cls = type(obj)
        if (
            self._fn_name in vars(cls) and
            type(vars(cls)[self._fn_name]).__name__ != "class_property"
        ):
            return vars(cls)[self._fn_name]
        else:
            value = self._fn.__get__(obj, cls)()
            setattr(cls, self._fn_name, value)
            return value

在Python 3.9中，你可以同时使用它们，但是(正如@xgt的评论所指出的)它在Python 3.11中已被弃用，所以不建议使用它。

查看此处的版本备注:

https://docs.python.org/3.11/library/functions.html#classmethod

然而，它过去是这样工作的:

class G:
    @classmethod
    @property
    def __doc__(cls):
        return f'A doc for {cls.__name__!r}'

顺序很重要——由于描述符的交互方式，@classmethod必须在最上面。

如果你想通过一个实例化的对象访问class属性，只在元类上设置它是没有帮助的，在这种情况下，你需要在对象上安装一个普通的属性(它分配给class属性)。我认为以下几点说得更清楚一些:

#!/usr/bin/python

class classproperty(property):
    def __get__(self, obj, type_):
        return self.fget.__get__(None, type_)()

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        cls = type(obj)
        return self.fset.__get__(None, cls)(value)

class A (object):

    _foo = 1

    @classproperty
    @classmethod
    def foo(cls):
        return cls._foo

    @foo.setter
    @classmethod
    def foo(cls, value):
        cls.foo = value

a = A()

print a.foo

b = A()

print b.foo

b.foo = 5

print a.foo

A.foo = 10

print b.foo

print A.foo

尝试一下，它可以在不更改/添加大量现有代码的情况下完成工作。

>>> class foo(object):
...     _var = 5
...     def getvar(cls):
...         return cls._var
...     getvar = classmethod(getvar)
...     def setvar(cls, value):
...         cls._var = value
...     setvar = classmethod(setvar)
...     var = property(lambda self: self.getvar(), lambda self, val: self.setvar(val))
...
>>> f = foo()
>>> f.var
5
>>> f.var = 3
>>> f.var
3

属性函数需要两个可调用参数。给它们lambda包装器(它将实例作为第一个参数传递)，一切都很好。

这里有一个解决方案，它应该既适用于通过类访问，也适用于通过使用元类的实例访问。

In [1]: class ClassPropertyMeta(type):
   ...:     @property
   ...:     def prop(cls):
   ...:         return cls._prop
   ...:     def __new__(cls, name, parents, dct):
   ...:         # This makes overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__ in the class impossible, but should be fixable
   ...:         dct['__getattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr: getattr(cls, attr))
   ...:         dct['__setattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr, val: setattr(cls, attr, val))
   ...:         return super(ClassPropertyMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, parents, dct)
   ...:

In [2]: class ClassProperty(object):
   ...:     __metaclass__ = ClassPropertyMeta
   ...:     _prop = 42
   ...:     def __getattr__(self, attr):
   ...:         raise Exception('Never gets called')
   ...:

In [3]: ClassProperty.prop
Out[3]: 42

In [4]: ClassProperty.prop = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-e2e8b423818a> in <module>()
----> 1 ClassProperty.prop = 1

AttributeError: can't set attribute

In [5]: cp = ClassProperty()

In [6]: cp.prop
Out[6]: 42

In [7]: cp.prop = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-e8284a3ee950> in <module>()
----> 1 cp.prop = 1

<ipython-input-1-16b7c320d521> in <lambda>(cls, attr, val)
      6         # This makes overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__ in the class impossible, but should be fixable
      7         dct['__getattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr: getattr(cls, attr))
----> 8         dct['__setattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr, val: setattr(cls, attr, val))
      9         return super(ClassPropertyMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, parents, dct)

AttributeError: can't set attribute

这也适用于元类中定义的setter。