这是我的解决方案，也缓存类属性

class class_property(object):
    # this caches the result of the function call for fn with cls input
    # use this as a decorator on function methods that you want converted
    # into cached properties

    def __init__(self, fn):
        self._fn_name = fn.__name__
        if not isinstance(fn, (classmethod, staticmethod)):
            fn = classmethod(fn)
        self._fn = fn

    def __get__(self, obj, cls=None):
        if cls is None:
            cls = type(obj)
        if (
            self._fn_name in vars(cls) and
            type(vars(cls)[self._fn_name]).__name__ != "class_property"
        ):
            return vars(cls)[self._fn_name]
        else:
            value = self._fn.__get__(obj, cls)()
            setattr(cls, self._fn_name, value)
            return value

如果你想通过一个实例化的对象访问class属性，只在元类上设置它是没有帮助的，在这种情况下，你需要在对象上安装一个普通的属性(它分配给class属性)。我认为以下几点说得更清楚一些:

#!/usr/bin/python

class classproperty(property):
    def __get__(self, obj, type_):
        return self.fget.__get__(None, type_)()

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        cls = type(obj)
        return self.fset.__get__(None, cls)(value)

class A (object):

    _foo = 1

    @classproperty
    @classmethod
    def foo(cls):
        return cls._foo

    @foo.setter
    @classmethod
    def foo(cls, value):
        cls.foo = value

a = A()

print a.foo

b = A()

print b.foo

b.foo = 5

print a.foo

A.foo = 10

print b.foo

print A.foo

我找到了一个解决这个问题的简单方法。它是一个叫做classutilities的包(pip install classutilities)，请参阅这里关于PyPi的文档。

考虑的例子:

import classutilities

class SomeClass(classutilities.ClassPropertiesMixin):
    _some_variable = 8  # Some encapsulated class variable

    @classutilities.classproperty
    def some_variable(cls):  # class property getter
        return cls._some_variable

    @some_variable.setter
    def some_variable(cls, value):  # class property setter
        cls._some_variable = value

你可以在类级和实例级使用它:

# Getter on class level:
value = SomeClass.some_variable
print(value)  # >>> 8
# Getter on instance level
inst = SomeClass()
value = inst.some_variable
print(value)  # >>> 8

# Setter on class level:
new_value = 9
SomeClass.some_variable = new_value
print(SomeClass.some_variable)   # >>> 9
print(SomeClass._some_variable)  # >>> 9
# Setter on instance level
inst = SomeClass()
inst.some_variable = new_value
print(SomeClass.some_variable)   # >>> 9
print(SomeClass._some_variable)  # >>> 9
print(inst.some_variable)        # >>> 9
print(inst._some_variable)       # >>> 9

如您所见，它在所有情况下都能正常工作。

3.8 < Python < 3.11

可以同时使用这两种装饰器。请看这个答案。

Python < 3.9

属性在类上创建，但会影响实例。所以如果你想要一个classmethod属性，在元类上创建这个属性。

>>> class foo(object):
...     _var = 5
...     class __metaclass__(type):  # Python 2 syntax for metaclasses
...         pass
...     @classmethod
...     def getvar(cls):
...         return cls._var
...     @classmethod
...     def setvar(cls, value):
...         cls._var = value
...     
>>> foo.__metaclass__.var = property(foo.getvar.im_func, foo.setvar.im_func)
>>> foo.var
5
>>> foo.var = 3
>>> foo.var
3

但由于您使用的是元类，因此如果您将类方法移到那里，它会读起来更好。

>>> class foo(object):
...     _var = 5
...     class __metaclass__(type):  # Python 2 syntax for metaclasses
...         @property
...         def var(cls):
...             return cls._var
...         @var.setter
...         def var(cls, value):
...             cls._var = value
... 
>>> foo.var
5
>>> foo.var = 3
>>> foo.var
3

或者，使用Python 3的元类=…语法，foo类体之外定义的元类，以及负责设置_var初始值的元类:

>>> class foo_meta(type):
...     def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
...         cls._var = 5
...     @property
...     def var(cls):
...         return cls._var
...     @var.setter
...     def var(cls, value):
...         cls._var = value
...
>>> class foo(metaclass=foo_meta):
...     pass
...
>>> foo.var
5
>>> foo.var = 3
>>> foo.var
3

是否可以使用属性()函数与类方法装饰函数?

No.

然而，类方法只是一个类的绑定方法(部分函数)，可从该类的实例访问。

因为实例是类的一个函数，你可以从实例中派生类，你可以通过property从class-property中获得任何你想要的行为:

class Example(object):
    _class_property = None
    @property
    def class_property(self):
        return self._class_property
    @class_property.setter
    def class_property(self, value):
        type(self)._class_property = value
    @class_property.deleter
    def class_property(self):
        del type(self)._class_property

这段代码可以用来测试-它应该会通过而不会引发任何错误:

ex1 = Example()
ex2 = Example()
ex1.class_property = None
ex2.class_property = 'Example'
assert ex1.class_property is ex2.class_property
del ex2.class_property
assert not hasattr(ex1, 'class_property')

请注意，我们根本不需要元类——无论如何，您都不能通过类的实例直接访问元类。

编写@classproperty装饰器

你实际上可以通过子类化属性在几行代码中创建一个classproperty装饰器(它是在C中实现的，但你可以在这里看到等效的Python):

class classproperty(property):
    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        return super(classproperty, self).__get__(objtype)
    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        super(classproperty, self).__set__(type(obj), value)
    def __delete__(self, obj):
        super(classproperty, self).__delete__(type(obj))

然后将decorator视为结合了property的类方法:

class Foo(object):
    _bar = 5
    @classproperty
    def bar(cls):
        """this is the bar attribute - each subclass of Foo gets its own.
        Lookups should follow the method resolution order.
        """
        return cls._bar
    @bar.setter
    def bar(cls, value):
        cls._bar = value
    @bar.deleter
    def bar(cls):
        del cls._bar

这段代码应该没有错误:

def main():
    f = Foo()
    print(f.bar)
    f.bar = 4
    print(f.bar)
    del f.bar
    try:
        f.bar
    except AttributeError:
        pass
    else:
        raise RuntimeError('f.bar must have worked - inconceivable!')
    help(f)  # includes the Foo.bar help.
    f.bar = 5

    class Bar(Foo):
        "a subclass of Foo, nothing more"
    help(Bar) # includes the Foo.bar help!
    b = Bar()
    b.bar = 'baz'
    print(b.bar) # prints baz
    del b.bar
    print(b.bar) # prints 5 - looked up from Foo!

    
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

但我不确定这样做是否明智。一篇旧的邮件列表文章认为这种方法行不通。

让属性在类上工作:

上面的缺点是“class属性”不能从类中访问，因为它会简单地覆盖类__dict__中的数据描述符。

但是，我们可以用元类__dict__中定义的属性来覆盖它。例如:

class MetaWithFooClassProperty(type):
    @property
    def foo(cls):
        """The foo property is a function of the class -
        in this case, the trivial case of the identity function.
        """
        return cls

然后，元类的类实例可以有一个属性，使用前面已经演示过的原则访问类的属性:

class FooClassProperty(metaclass=MetaWithFooClassProperty):
    @property
    def foo(self):
        """access the class's property"""
        return type(self).foo

现在我们看到了两个例子

>>> FooClassProperty().foo
<class '__main__.FooClassProperty'>

这门课

>>> FooClassProperty.foo
<class '__main__.FooClassProperty'>

拥有对class属性的访问权。

我希望这个极其简单的只读@classproperty装饰器能够帮助人们查找类属性。

class classproperty(property):
    def __get__(self, owner_self, owner_cls):
        return self.fget(owner_cls)

class C(object):

    @classproperty
    def x(cls):
        return 1

assert C.x == 1
assert C().x == 1