我有一个带有两个类方法的类(使用classmethod()函数),用于获取和设置本质上是静态变量的类。我尝试使用property()函数来处理这些,但它会导致错误。我能够在解释器中重现以下错误:

class Foo(object):
    _var = 5
    @classmethod
    def getvar(cls):
        return cls._var
    @classmethod
    def setvar(cls, value):
        cls._var = value
    var = property(getvar, setvar)

我可以演示类方法,但它们不能作为属性:

>>> f = Foo()
>>> f.getvar()
5
>>> f.setvar(4)
>>> f.getvar()
4
>>> f.var
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: 'classmethod' object is not callable
>>> f.var=5
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: 'classmethod' object is not callable

是否可以使用属性()函数与@classmethod装饰函数?


当前回答

这里有一个解决方案,它应该既适用于通过类访问,也适用于通过使用元类的实例访问。

In [1]: class ClassPropertyMeta(type):
   ...:     @property
   ...:     def prop(cls):
   ...:         return cls._prop
   ...:     def __new__(cls, name, parents, dct):
   ...:         # This makes overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__ in the class impossible, but should be fixable
   ...:         dct['__getattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr: getattr(cls, attr))
   ...:         dct['__setattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr, val: setattr(cls, attr, val))
   ...:         return super(ClassPropertyMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, parents, dct)
   ...:

In [2]: class ClassProperty(object):
   ...:     __metaclass__ = ClassPropertyMeta
   ...:     _prop = 42
   ...:     def __getattr__(self, attr):
   ...:         raise Exception('Never gets called')
   ...:

In [3]: ClassProperty.prop
Out[3]: 42

In [4]: ClassProperty.prop = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-e2e8b423818a> in <module>()
----> 1 ClassProperty.prop = 1

AttributeError: can't set attribute

In [5]: cp = ClassProperty()

In [6]: cp.prop
Out[6]: 42

In [7]: cp.prop = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-e8284a3ee950> in <module>()
----> 1 cp.prop = 1

<ipython-input-1-16b7c320d521> in <lambda>(cls, attr, val)
      6         # This makes overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__ in the class impossible, but should be fixable
      7         dct['__getattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr: getattr(cls, attr))
----> 8         dct['__setattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr, val: setattr(cls, attr, val))
      9         return super(ClassPropertyMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, parents, dct)

AttributeError: can't set attribute

这也适用于元类中定义的setter。

其他回答

在搜索了不同的地方之后,我找到了一个定义classproperty的方法 适用于Python 2和3。

from future.utils import with_metaclass

class BuilderMetaClass(type):
    @property
    def load_namespaces(self):
        return (self.__sourcepath__)

class BuilderMixin(with_metaclass(BuilderMetaClass, object)):
    __sourcepath__ = 'sp'        

print(BuilderMixin.load_namespaces)

希望这能帮助到一些人:)

这里有一个解决方案,它应该既适用于通过类访问,也适用于通过使用元类的实例访问。

In [1]: class ClassPropertyMeta(type):
   ...:     @property
   ...:     def prop(cls):
   ...:         return cls._prop
   ...:     def __new__(cls, name, parents, dct):
   ...:         # This makes overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__ in the class impossible, but should be fixable
   ...:         dct['__getattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr: getattr(cls, attr))
   ...:         dct['__setattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr, val: setattr(cls, attr, val))
   ...:         return super(ClassPropertyMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, parents, dct)
   ...:

In [2]: class ClassProperty(object):
   ...:     __metaclass__ = ClassPropertyMeta
   ...:     _prop = 42
   ...:     def __getattr__(self, attr):
   ...:         raise Exception('Never gets called')
   ...:

In [3]: ClassProperty.prop
Out[3]: 42

In [4]: ClassProperty.prop = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-e2e8b423818a> in <module>()
----> 1 ClassProperty.prop = 1

AttributeError: can't set attribute

In [5]: cp = ClassProperty()

In [6]: cp.prop
Out[6]: 42

In [7]: cp.prop = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-e8284a3ee950> in <module>()
----> 1 cp.prop = 1

<ipython-input-1-16b7c320d521> in <lambda>(cls, attr, val)
      6         # This makes overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__ in the class impossible, but should be fixable
      7         dct['__getattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr: getattr(cls, attr))
----> 8         dct['__setattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr, val: setattr(cls, attr, val))
      9         return super(ClassPropertyMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, parents, dct)

AttributeError: can't set attribute

这也适用于元类中定义的setter。

尝试一下,它可以在不更改/添加大量现有代码的情况下完成工作。

>>> class foo(object):
...     _var = 5
...     def getvar(cls):
...         return cls._var
...     getvar = classmethod(getvar)
...     def setvar(cls, value):
...         cls._var = value
...     setvar = classmethod(setvar)
...     var = property(lambda self: self.getvar(), lambda self, val: self.setvar(val))
...
>>> f = foo()
>>> f.var
5
>>> f.var = 3
>>> f.var
3

属性函数需要两个可调用参数。给它们lambda包装器(它将实例作为第一个参数传递),一切都很好。

如果你想通过一个实例化的对象访问class属性,只在元类上设置它是没有帮助的,在这种情况下,你需要在对象上安装一个普通的属性(它分配给class属性)。我认为以下几点说得更清楚一些:

#!/usr/bin/python

class classproperty(property):
    def __get__(self, obj, type_):
        return self.fget.__get__(None, type_)()

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        cls = type(obj)
        return self.fset.__get__(None, cls)(value)

class A (object):

    _foo = 1

    @classproperty
    @classmethod
    def foo(cls):
        return cls._foo

    @foo.setter
    @classmethod
    def foo(cls, value):
        cls.foo = value

a = A()

print a.foo

b = A()

print b.foo

b.foo = 5

print a.foo

A.foo = 10

print b.foo

print A.foo

对于Python 3.9之前的函数式方法,您可以使用以下方法:

def classproperty(fget):
  return type(
      'classproperty',
      (),
      {'__get__': lambda self, _, cls: fget(cls), '__module__': None}
  )()
  
class Item:
  a = 47

  @classproperty
  def x(cls):
    return cls.a

Item.x