这里有一个解决方案，它应该既适用于通过类访问，也适用于通过使用元类的实例访问。

In [1]: class ClassPropertyMeta(type):
   ...:     @property
   ...:     def prop(cls):
   ...:         return cls._prop
   ...:     def __new__(cls, name, parents, dct):
   ...:         # This makes overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__ in the class impossible, but should be fixable
   ...:         dct['__getattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr: getattr(cls, attr))
   ...:         dct['__setattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr, val: setattr(cls, attr, val))
   ...:         return super(ClassPropertyMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, parents, dct)
   ...:

In [2]: class ClassProperty(object):
   ...:     __metaclass__ = ClassPropertyMeta
   ...:     _prop = 42
   ...:     def __getattr__(self, attr):
   ...:         raise Exception('Never gets called')
   ...:

In [3]: ClassProperty.prop
Out[3]: 42

In [4]: ClassProperty.prop = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-e2e8b423818a> in <module>()
----> 1 ClassProperty.prop = 1

AttributeError: can't set attribute

In [5]: cp = ClassProperty()

In [6]: cp.prop
Out[6]: 42

In [7]: cp.prop = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-e8284a3ee950> in <module>()
----> 1 cp.prop = 1

<ipython-input-1-16b7c320d521> in <lambda>(cls, attr, val)
      6         # This makes overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__ in the class impossible, but should be fixable
      7         dct['__getattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr: getattr(cls, attr))
----> 8         dct['__setattr__'] = classmethod(lambda cls, attr, val: setattr(cls, attr, val))
      9         return super(ClassPropertyMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, parents, dct)

AttributeError: can't set attribute

这也适用于元类中定义的setter。

在读Python 2.2发布说明时，我发现了以下内容。

属性的get方法不会被调用 属性作为类访问 属性(C.x)而不是作为一个 实例属性(C().x)。如果你 想要重写__get__操作 当属性用作类时 属性，可以子类化属性- 它本身就是一种新型的字体 扩展它的__get__方法，或者你可以 从头定义描述符类型 通过创建一个新样式的类 定义__get__， __set__和 __delete__方法。

注意:下面的方法实际上并不适用于setter，只适用于getter。

因此，我认为指定的解决方案是创建一个ClassProperty作为property的子类。

class ClassProperty(property):
    def __get__(self, cls, owner):
        return self.fget.__get__(None, owner)()

class foo(object):
    _var=5
    def getvar(cls):
        return cls._var
    getvar=classmethod(getvar)
    def setvar(cls,value):
        cls._var=value
    setvar=classmethod(setvar)
    var=ClassProperty(getvar,setvar)

assert foo.getvar() == 5
foo.setvar(4)
assert foo.getvar() == 4
assert foo.var == 4
foo.var = 3
assert foo.var == 3

然而，setter实际上不起作用:

foo.var = 4
assert foo.var == foo._var # raises AssertionError

foo。_var没有改变，您只是用一个新值重写了属性。

你也可以使用ClassProperty作为装饰器:

class foo(object):
    _var = 5

    @ClassProperty
    @classmethod
    def var(cls):
        return cls._var

    @var.setter
    @classmethod
    def var(cls, value):
        cls._var = value

assert foo.var == 5

一半的解决方案，类上的__set__仍然不起作用。解决方案是一个同时实现属性和静态方法的自定义属性类

class ClassProperty(object):
    def __init__(self, fget, fset):
        self.fget = fget
        self.fset = fset

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return self.fget()

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        self.fset(value)

class Foo(object):
    _bar = 1
    def get_bar():
        print 'getting'
        return Foo._bar

    def set_bar(value):
        print 'setting'
        Foo._bar = value

    bar = ClassProperty(get_bar, set_bar)

f = Foo()
#__get__ works
f.bar
Foo.bar

f.bar = 2
Foo.bar = 3 #__set__ does not

是否可以使用属性()函数与类方法装饰函数?

No.

然而，类方法只是一个类的绑定方法(部分函数)，可从该类的实例访问。

因为实例是类的一个函数，你可以从实例中派生类，你可以通过property从class-property中获得任何你想要的行为:

class Example(object):
    _class_property = None
    @property
    def class_property(self):
        return self._class_property
    @class_property.setter
    def class_property(self, value):
        type(self)._class_property = value
    @class_property.deleter
    def class_property(self):
        del type(self)._class_property

这段代码可以用来测试-它应该会通过而不会引发任何错误:

ex1 = Example()
ex2 = Example()
ex1.class_property = None
ex2.class_property = 'Example'
assert ex1.class_property is ex2.class_property
del ex2.class_property
assert not hasattr(ex1, 'class_property')

请注意，我们根本不需要元类——无论如何，您都不能通过类的实例直接访问元类。

编写@classproperty装饰器

你实际上可以通过子类化属性在几行代码中创建一个classproperty装饰器(它是在C中实现的，但你可以在这里看到等效的Python):

class classproperty(property):
    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        return super(classproperty, self).__get__(objtype)
    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        super(classproperty, self).__set__(type(obj), value)
    def __delete__(self, obj):
        super(classproperty, self).__delete__(type(obj))

然后将decorator视为结合了property的类方法:

class Foo(object):
    _bar = 5
    @classproperty
    def bar(cls):
        """this is the bar attribute - each subclass of Foo gets its own.
        Lookups should follow the method resolution order.
        """
        return cls._bar
    @bar.setter
    def bar(cls, value):
        cls._bar = value
    @bar.deleter
    def bar(cls):
        del cls._bar

这段代码应该没有错误:

def main():
    f = Foo()
    print(f.bar)
    f.bar = 4
    print(f.bar)
    del f.bar
    try:
        f.bar
    except AttributeError:
        pass
    else:
        raise RuntimeError('f.bar must have worked - inconceivable!')
    help(f)  # includes the Foo.bar help.
    f.bar = 5

    class Bar(Foo):
        "a subclass of Foo, nothing more"
    help(Bar) # includes the Foo.bar help!
    b = Bar()
    b.bar = 'baz'
    print(b.bar) # prints baz
    del b.bar
    print(b.bar) # prints 5 - looked up from Foo!

    
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

但我不确定这样做是否明智。一篇旧的邮件列表文章认为这种方法行不通。

让属性在类上工作:

上面的缺点是“class属性”不能从类中访问，因为它会简单地覆盖类__dict__中的数据描述符。

但是，我们可以用元类__dict__中定义的属性来覆盖它。例如:

class MetaWithFooClassProperty(type):
    @property
    def foo(cls):
        """The foo property is a function of the class -
        in this case, the trivial case of the identity function.
        """
        return cls

然后，元类的类实例可以有一个属性，使用前面已经演示过的原则访问类的属性:

class FooClassProperty(metaclass=MetaWithFooClassProperty):
    @property
    def foo(self):
        """access the class's property"""
        return type(self).foo

现在我们看到了两个例子

>>> FooClassProperty().foo
<class '__main__.FooClassProperty'>

这门课

>>> FooClassProperty.foo
<class '__main__.FooClassProperty'>

拥有对class属性的访问权。

我找到了一个解决这个问题的简单方法。它是一个叫做classutilities的包(pip install classutilities)，请参阅这里关于PyPi的文档。

考虑的例子:

import classutilities

class SomeClass(classutilities.ClassPropertiesMixin):
    _some_variable = 8  # Some encapsulated class variable

    @classutilities.classproperty
    def some_variable(cls):  # class property getter
        return cls._some_variable

    @some_variable.setter
    def some_variable(cls, value):  # class property setter
        cls._some_variable = value

你可以在类级和实例级使用它:

# Getter on class level:
value = SomeClass.some_variable
print(value)  # >>> 8
# Getter on instance level
inst = SomeClass()
value = inst.some_variable
print(value)  # >>> 8

# Setter on class level:
new_value = 9
SomeClass.some_variable = new_value
print(SomeClass.some_variable)   # >>> 9
print(SomeClass._some_variable)  # >>> 9
# Setter on instance level
inst = SomeClass()
inst.some_variable = new_value
print(SomeClass.some_variable)   # >>> 9
print(SomeClass._some_variable)  # >>> 9
print(inst.some_variable)        # >>> 9
print(inst._some_variable)       # >>> 9

如您所见，它在所有情况下都能正常工作。

对于Python 3.9之前的函数式方法，您可以使用以下方法:

def classproperty(fget):
  return type(
      'classproperty',
      (),
      {'__get__': lambda self, _, cls: fget(cls), '__module__': None}
  )()
  
class Item:
  a = 47

  @classproperty
  def x(cls):
    return cls.a

Item.x