虽然浮点类型确实只能表示近似的十进制数据，但如果在表示数字之前将数字舍入到必要的精度，则可以获得正确的结果。通常。

通常是因为双排精度小于16位。如果你要求更高的精度，这不是一个合适的类型。近似也可以累积。

必须指出的是，即使您使用定点算术，您仍然必须对数字进行四舍五入，如果不是因为BigInteger和BigDecimal在获得周期性小数时会给出错误。所以这里也有一个近似。

例如，历史上用于财务计算的COBOL的最大精度为18位数字。所以通常会有一个隐含的舍入。

总之，在我看来，双精度主要不适合它的16位精度，这可能是不够的，而不是因为它是近似值。

考虑以下后续程序的输出。它表明，在舍入double后，得到与BigDecimal相同的结果，精度为16。

Precision 14
------------------------------------------------------
BigDecimalNoRound             : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = Non-terminating decimal expansion; no exact representable decimal result.
DoubleNoRound                 : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 5.111011111561101E-5
BigDecimal                    : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.000051110111115611
Double                        : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.000051110111115611

Precision 15
------------------------------------------------------
BigDecimalNoRound             : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = Non-terminating decimal expansion; no exact representable decimal result.
DoubleNoRound                 : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 5.111011111561101E-5
BigDecimal                    : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.0000511101111156110
Double                        : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.0000511101111156110

Precision 16
------------------------------------------------------
BigDecimalNoRound             : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = Non-terminating decimal expansion; no exact representable decimal result.
DoubleNoRound                 : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 5.111011111561101E-5
BigDecimal                    : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.00005111011111561101
Double                        : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.00005111011111561101

Precision 17
------------------------------------------------------
BigDecimalNoRound             : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = Non-terminating decimal expansion; no exact representable decimal result.
DoubleNoRound                 : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 5.111011111561101E-5
BigDecimal                    : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.000051110111115611011
Double                        : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.000051110111115611013

Precision 18
------------------------------------------------------
BigDecimalNoRound             : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = Non-terminating decimal expansion; no exact representable decimal result.
DoubleNoRound                 : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 5.111011111561101E-5
BigDecimal                    : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.0000511101111156110111
Double                        : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.0000511101111156110125

Precision 19
------------------------------------------------------
BigDecimalNoRound             : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = Non-terminating decimal expansion; no exact representable decimal result.
DoubleNoRound                 : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 5.111011111561101E-5
BigDecimal                    : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.00005111011111561101111
Double                        : 56789.012345 / 1111111111 = 0.00005111011111561101252

---

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.MathContext;

public class Exercise {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IllegalArgumentException,
            SecurityException, IllegalAccessException,
            InvocationTargetException, NoSuchMethodException {
        String amount = "56789.012345";
        String quantity = "1111111111";
        int [] precisions = new int [] {14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19};
        for (int i = 0; i < precisions.length; i++) {
            int precision = precisions[i];
            System.out.println(String.format("Precision %d", precision));
            System.out.println("------------------------------------------------------");
            execute("BigDecimalNoRound", amount, quantity, precision);
            execute("DoubleNoRound", amount, quantity, precision);
            execute("BigDecimal", amount, quantity, precision);
            execute("Double", amount, quantity, precision);
            System.out.println();
        }
    }

    private static void execute(String test, String amount, String quantity,
            int precision) throws IllegalArgumentException, SecurityException,
            IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException,
            NoSuchMethodException {
        Method impl = Exercise.class.getMethod("divideUsing" + test, String.class,
                String.class, int.class);
        String price;
        try {
            price = (String) impl.invoke(null, amount, quantity, precision);
        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
            price = e.getTargetException().getMessage();
        }
        System.out.println(String.format("%-30s: %s / %s = %s", test, amount,
                quantity, price));
    }

    public static String divideUsingDoubleNoRound(String amount,
            String quantity, int precision) {
        // acceptance
        double amount0 = Double.parseDouble(amount);
        double quantity0 = Double.parseDouble(quantity);

        //calculation
        double price0 = amount0 / quantity0;

        // presentation
        String price = Double.toString(price0);
        return price;
    }

    public static String divideUsingDouble(String amount, String quantity,
            int precision) {
        // acceptance
        double amount0 = Double.parseDouble(amount);
        double quantity0 = Double.parseDouble(quantity);

        //calculation
        double price0 = amount0 / quantity0;

        // presentation
        MathContext precision0 = new MathContext(precision);
        String price = new BigDecimal(price0, precision0)
                .toString();
        return price;
    }

    public static String divideUsingBigDecimal(String amount, String quantity,
            int precision) {
        // acceptance
        BigDecimal amount0 = new BigDecimal(amount);
        BigDecimal quantity0 = new BigDecimal(quantity);
        MathContext precision0 = new MathContext(precision);

        //calculation
        BigDecimal price0 = amount0.divide(quantity0, precision0);

        // presentation
        String price = price0.toString();
        return price;
    }

    public static String divideUsingBigDecimalNoRound(String amount, String quantity,
            int precision) {
        // acceptance
        BigDecimal amount0 = new BigDecimal(amount);
        BigDecimal quantity0 = new BigDecimal(quantity);

        //calculation
        BigDecimal price0 = amount0.divide(quantity0);

        // presentation
        String price = price0.toString();
        return price;
    }
}

摘自Bloch, J.， Effective Java，(第二版，第48项。第3版，项目60):

float和double类型是 尤其不适用于货币 因为这是不可能的 表示0.1(或任何其他。 10的负次方)作为浮点数或 完全的两倍。 例如，假设您有1.03美元 你花了42c。多少钱? 你走了? System.out.println(1.03 - .42); 输出0.6100000000000001。 解决这个问题的正确方法是 使用BigDecimal, int或long 用于货币计算。

虽然BigDecimal有一些警告(请参阅当前接受的答案)。

Float is binary form of Decimal with different design; they are two different things. There are little errors between two types when converted to each other. Also, float is designed to represent infinite large number of values for scientific. That means it is designed to lost precision to extreme small and extreme large number with that fixed number of bytes. Decimal can't represent infinite number of values, it bounds to just that number of decimal digits. So Float and Decimal are for different purpose.

有一些方法可以管理货币值的错误:

使用长整数，以分计算。 使用双精度，保持你的有效数字为15，这样小数可以精确模拟。在显示值之前舍入;做计算时经常四舍五入。 使用像Java BigDecimal这样的十进制库，这样就不需要使用double来模拟十进制。

附注:有趣的是，大多数品牌的手持科学计算器工作在十进制而不是浮点数。所以没有人抱怨浮点数转换错误。

美国货币可以很容易地用美元和美分来表示。整数是100%精确的，而浮点二进制数并不完全匹配浮点小数。

The result of floating point number is not exact, which makes them unsuitable for any financial calculation which requires exact result and not approximation. float and double are designed for engineering and scientific calculation and many times doesn’t produce exact result also result of floating point calculation may vary from JVM to JVM. Look at below example of BigDecimal and double primitive which is used to represent money value, its quite clear that floating point calculation may not be exact and one should use BigDecimal for financial calculations.

    // floating point calculation
    final double amount1 = 2.0;
    final double amount2 = 1.1;
    System.out.println("difference between 2.0 and 1.1 using double is: " + (amount1 - amount2));

    // Use BigDecimal for financial calculation
    final BigDecimal amount3 = new BigDecimal("2.0");
    final BigDecimal amount4 = new BigDecimal("1.1");
    System.out.println("difference between 2.0 and 1.1 using BigDecimal is: " + (amount3.subtract(amount4)));

输出:

difference between 2.0 and 1.1 using double is: 0.8999999999999999
difference between 2.0 and 1.1 using BigDecimal is: 0.9

如前所述，“把钱表示为双位数或浮点数，一开始可能看起来不错，因为软件会消除微小的错误，但当你对不精确的数字进行更多的加减乘除时，随着错误的增加，你会失去越来越多的精度。”这使得浮点数和双精度数不适用于处理货币，因为货币需要精确计算以10为底数的倍数。”

最后，Java有一个标准的方法来处理货币和金钱!

JSR 354:货币和货币API

JSR 354提供了一个API，用于表示、传输和执行Money和Currency的综合计算。你可以从以下连结下载:

JSR 354:货币和货币API下载

该规范包括以下内容:

用于处理例如货币数量和货币的API 支持可互换实现的api 用于创建实现类实例的工厂 用于计算、转换和格式化货币金额的功能 用于处理Money和Currencies的Java API，计划包含在Java 9中。 所有规范类和接口都位于javax.money中。*包。

JSR 354: Money and Currency API示例:

创建一个moneyaryamount并将其打印到控制台的示例如下:

MonetaryAmountFactory<?> amountFactory = Monetary.getDefaultAmountFactory();
MonetaryAmount monetaryAmount = amountFactory.setCurrency(Monetary.getCurrency("EUR")).setNumber(12345.67).create();
MonetaryAmountFormat format = MonetaryFormats.getAmountFormat(Locale.getDefault());
System.out.println(format.format(monetaryAmount));

当使用参考实现API时，必要的代码要简单得多:

MonetaryAmount monetaryAmount = Money.of(12345.67, "EUR");
MonetaryAmountFormat format = MonetaryFormats.getAmountFormat(Locale.getDefault());
System.out.println(format.format(monetaryAmount));

该API还支持monetaryamount的计算:

MonetaryAmount monetaryAmount = Money.of(12345.67, "EUR");
MonetaryAmount otherMonetaryAmount = monetaryAmount.divide(2).add(Money.of(5, "EUR"));

CurrencyUnit和moneyaryamount

// getting CurrencyUnits by locale
CurrencyUnit yen = MonetaryCurrencies.getCurrency(Locale.JAPAN);
CurrencyUnit canadianDollar = MonetaryCurrencies.getCurrency(Locale.CANADA);

moneyaryamount有各种方法，允许访问指定的货币，数字金额，其精度和更多:

MonetaryAmount monetaryAmount = Money.of(123.45, euro);
CurrencyUnit currency = monetaryAmount.getCurrency();
NumberValue numberValue = monetaryAmount.getNumber();

int intValue = numberValue.intValue(); // 123
double doubleValue = numberValue.doubleValue(); // 123.45
long fractionDenominator = numberValue.getAmountFractionDenominator(); // 100
long fractionNumerator = numberValue.getAmountFractionNumerator(); // 45
int precision = numberValue.getPrecision(); // 5

// NumberValue extends java.lang.Number.
// So we assign numberValue to a variable of type Number
Number number = numberValue;

monearyamount可以使用舍入运算符进行舍入:

CurrencyUnit usd = MonetaryCurrencies.getCurrency("USD");
MonetaryAmount dollars = Money.of(12.34567, usd);
MonetaryOperator roundingOperator = MonetaryRoundings.getRounding(usd);
MonetaryAmount roundedDollars = dollars.with(roundingOperator); // USD 12.35

当使用monearyamount的集合时，可以使用一些不错的实用程序方法进行过滤、排序和分组。

List<MonetaryAmount> amounts = new ArrayList<>();
amounts.add(Money.of(2, "EUR"));
amounts.add(Money.of(42, "USD"));
amounts.add(Money.of(7, "USD"));
amounts.add(Money.of(13.37, "JPY"));
amounts.add(Money.of(18, "USD"));

自定义monearyamount操作

// A monetary operator that returns 10% of the input MonetaryAmount
// Implemented using Java 8 Lambdas
MonetaryOperator tenPercentOperator = (MonetaryAmount amount) -> {
    BigDecimal baseAmount = amount.getNumber().numberValue(BigDecimal.class);
    BigDecimal tenPercent = baseAmount.multiply(new BigDecimal("0.1"));
    return Money.of(tenPercent, amount.getCurrency());
};

MonetaryAmount dollars = Money.of(12.34567, "USD");

// apply tenPercentOperator to MonetaryAmount
MonetaryAmount tenPercentDollars = dollars.with(tenPercentOperator); // USD 1.234567

资源:

使用JSR 354在Java中处理金钱和货币

Java 9货币和货币API (JSR 354)

参见:JSR 354 -货币和货币