我如何知道是否在Bash中设置了变量?

例如,如何检查用户是否向函数提供了第一个参数?

function a {
    # if $1 is set ?
}

当前回答

如果您希望测试变量是否绑定或未绑定,即使在启用了nounset选项后,这也能很好地工作:

set -o noun set

if printenv variableName >/dev/null; then
    # variable is bound to a value
else
    # variable is unbound
fi

其他回答

在现代版本的Bash(我认为是4.2或更高版本;我不确定)上,我会这样做:

if [ ! -v SOMEVARIABLE ] #note the lack of a $ sigil
then
    echo "Variable is unset"
elif [ -z "$SOMEVARIABLE" ]
then
    echo "Variable is set to an empty string"
else
    echo "Variable is set to some string"
fi

为了明确回答OP关于如何确定变量是否已设置的问题,Lionel的回答是正确的:

if test "${name+x}"; then
    echo 'name is set'
else
    echo 'name is not set'
fi

这个问题已经有很多答案,但没有一个提供真正的布尔表达式来明确区分变量值。

以下是我得出的一些明确表达:

+-----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+
| Expression in script  | name='fish' | name='' | unset name |
+-----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+
| test "$name"          | TRUE        | f       | f          |
| test -n "$name"       | TRUE        | f       | f          |
| test ! -z "$name"     | TRUE        | f       | f          |
| test ! "${name-x}"    | f           | TRUE    | f          |
| test ! "${name+x}"    | f           | f       | TRUE       |
+-----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+

顺便说一下,这些表达式是等价的:测试<表达式><=>〔<表达式>〕

其他需谨慎使用的歧义表达:

+----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+
| Expression in script | name='fish' | name='' | unset name |
+----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+
| test "${name+x}"     | TRUE        | TRUE    | f          |
| test "${name-x}"     | TRUE        | f       | TRUE       |
| test -z "$name"      | f           | TRUE    | TRUE       |
| test ! "$name"       | f           | TRUE    | TRUE       |
| test ! -n "$name"    | f           | TRUE    | TRUE       |
| test "$name" = ''    | f           | TRUE    | TRUE       |
+----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+

要测试是否设置了变量var:[${var+x}]。

若要测试变量是否按名称设置:[${!name+x}]。

要测试是否设置了位置参数:[${N+x}],其中N实际上是一个整数。

这个答案与莱昂内尔的答案几乎相似,但通过省略-z来探索一种更为简约的方法。

要测试是否设置了命名变量,请执行以下操作:

function is_set {
    local v=$1
    echo -n "${v}"
    if [ ${!v+x} ]; then
        echo " = '${!v}'"
    else
        echo " is unset"
    fi
}

要测试是否设置了位置参数:

function a {
    if [ ${1+x} ]; then
        local arg=$1
        echo "a '${arg}'"
    else
        echo "a: arg is unset"
    fi
}

测试表明,不需要特别注意空格和有效的测试表达式。

set -eu

V1=a
V2=
V4=-gt
V5="1 -gt 2"
V6="! -z 1"
V7='$(exit 1)'

is_set V1
is_set V2
is_set V3
is_set V4
is_set V5
is_set V6
is_set V7

a 1
a
a "1 -gt 2"
a 1 -gt 2
$ ./test.sh

V1 = 'a'
V2 = ''
V3 is unset
V4 = '-gt'
V5 = '1 -gt 2'
V6 = '! -z 1'
V7 = '$(exit 1)'
a '1'
a: arg is unset
a '1 -gt 2'
a '1'

最后,请注意set-eu,它保护我们避免常见错误,例如变量名中的拼写错误。我建议使用它,但这意味着未设置的变量和带有空字符串的变量集之间的区别得到了正确处理。

case "$1" in
 "") echo "blank";;
 *) echo "set"
esac

我很惊讶没有人尝试编写一个shell脚本来以编程方式生成这个臭名昭著的难以摸索的表。既然我们在这里试图学习编码技术,为什么不用代码表达答案?:)这是我的看法(应该在任何POSIX shell中都适用):

H="+-%s-+-%s----+-%s----+-%s--+\n"       # table divider printf format
R="| %-10s | %-10s | %-10s | %-10s |\n"  # table row printf format

S='V'     # S is a variable that is set-and-not-null
N=''      # N is a variable that is set-but-null (empty "")
unset U   # U is a variable that is unset

printf "$H" "----------" "-------" "-------" "---------";
printf "$R" "expression" "FOO='V'" "FOO='' " "unset FOO";
printf "$H" "----------" "-------" "-------" "---------";
printf "$R" "\${FOO:-x}" "${S:-x}" "${N:-x}" "${U:-x}  "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$R" "\${FOO-x} " "${S-x} " "${N-x} " "${U-x}   "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$R" "\${FOO:=x}" "${S:=x}" "${N:=x}" "${U:=x}  "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$R" "\${FOO=x} " "${S=x} " "${N=x} " "${U=x}   "; S='V';N='';unset U
#                                  "${N:?x}" "${U:?x}  "
printf "$R" "\${FOO:?x}" "${S:?x}" "<error>" "<error>  "; S='V';N='';unset U
#                                            "${U?x}   "
printf "$R" "\${FOO?x} " "${S?x} " "${N?x} " "<error>  "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$R" "\${FOO:+x}" "${S:+x}" "${N:+x}" "${U:+x}  "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$R" "\${FOO+x} " "${S+x} " "${N+x} " "${U+x}   "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$H" "----------" "-------" "-------" "---------";

以及运行脚本的输出:

+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| expression | FOO='V'    | FOO=''     | unset FOO  |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| ${FOO:-x}  | V          | x          | x          |
| ${FOO-x}   | V          |            | x          |
| ${FOO:=x}  | V          | x          | x          |
| ${FOO=x}   | V          |            | x          |
| ${FOO:?x}  | V          | <error>    | <error>    |
| ${FOO?x}   | V          |            | <error>    |
| ${FOO:+x}  | x          |            |            |
| ${FOO+x}   | x          | x          |            |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+

该脚本缺少了一些功能,比如在发生(或不发生)副作用分配时显示,但也许其他更有野心的人希望以此为出发点,并以此为出发。