我如何知道是否在Bash中设置了变量?

例如,如何检查用户是否向函数提供了第一个参数?

function a {
    # if $1 is set ?
}

当前回答

当启用Bash选项集-u时,上面的答案不起作用。此外,它们不是动态的,例如,如何测试是否定义了名为“dummy”的变量?试试看:

is_var_defined()
{
    if [ $# -ne 1 ]
    then
        echo "Expected exactly one argument: variable name as string, e.g., 'my_var'"
        exit 1
    fi
    # Tricky.  Since Bash option 'set -u' may be enabled, we cannot directly test if a variable
    # is defined with this construct: [ ! -z "$var" ].  Instead, we must use default value
    # substitution with this construct: [ ! -z "${var:-}" ].  Normally, a default value follows the
    # operator ':-', but here we leave it blank for empty (null) string.  Finally, we need to
    # substitute the text from $1 as 'var'.  This is not allowed directly in Bash with this
    # construct: [ ! -z "${$1:-}" ].  We need to use indirection with eval operator.
    # Example: $1="var"
    # Expansion for eval operator: "[ ! -z \${$1:-} ]" -> "[ ! -z \${var:-} ]"
    # Code  execute: [ ! -z ${var:-} ]
    eval "[ ! -z \${$1:-} ]"
    return $?  # Pedantic.
}

相关:在Bash中,如何测试变量是否以“-u”模式定义

其他回答

对于那些希望在使用set-u的脚本中检查未设置或空的脚本:

if [ -z "${var-}" ]; then
   echo "Must provide var environment variable. Exiting...."
   exit 1
fi

常规[-z“$var”]检查将因var而失败;未绑定变量如果设置-u但[-z“${var-}”]如果var未设置而不失败,则扩展为空字符串。

我总是发现另一个答案中的POSIX表很难找到,所以我的看法是:

parameter expansion VARIABLE set VARIABLE empty VARIABLE unset
${VARIABLE-default} $VARIABLE "" "default"
${VARIABLE=default} $VARIABLE "" $(VARIABLE="default")
${VARIABLE?default} $VARIABLE "" exit 127
${VARIABLE+default} "default" "default" ""
${VARIABLE:-default} $VARIABLE "default" "default"
${VARIABLE:=default} $VARIABLE $(VARIABLE="default") $(VARIABLE="default")
${VARIABLE:?default} $VARIABLE exit 127 exit 127
${VARIABLE:+default} "default" "" ""

请注意,每个组(前面有和没有冒号)都有相同的设置和未设置的大小写,因此唯一不同的是如何处理空大小写。

对于前面的冒号,空的和未设置的大小写是相同的,因此我将在可能的情况下使用它们(即使用:=,而不仅仅是=,因为空的大小写不一致)。

标题:

set表示VARIABLE为非空(VARIABLE=“something”)空表示VARIABLE为空/空(VARIABLE=“”)未设置表示变量不存在(未设置变量)

值:

$VARIABLE表示结果是变量的原始值。“默认”表示结果是提供的替换字符串。“”表示结果为空(空字符串)。退出127意味着脚本停止执行,退出代码127。$(VARIABLE=“默认”)表示结果为“默认”,VARIABLE(以前为空或未设置)也将设置为“默认值”。

if [ "$1" != "" ]; then
  echo \$1 is set
else
  echo \$1 is not set
fi

尽管对于参数,通常最好测试$#,我认为这是参数的数量。

if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
  echo \$1 is set
else
  echo \$1 is not set
fi

在Bash中,可以在[[]]内置函数中使用-v:

#! /bin/bash -u

if [[ ! -v SOMEVAR ]]; then
    SOMEVAR='hello'
fi

echo $SOMEVAR

当启用Bash选项集-u时,上面的答案不起作用。此外,它们不是动态的,例如,如何测试是否定义了名为“dummy”的变量?试试看:

is_var_defined()
{
    if [ $# -ne 1 ]
    then
        echo "Expected exactly one argument: variable name as string, e.g., 'my_var'"
        exit 1
    fi
    # Tricky.  Since Bash option 'set -u' may be enabled, we cannot directly test if a variable
    # is defined with this construct: [ ! -z "$var" ].  Instead, we must use default value
    # substitution with this construct: [ ! -z "${var:-}" ].  Normally, a default value follows the
    # operator ':-', but here we leave it blank for empty (null) string.  Finally, we need to
    # substitute the text from $1 as 'var'.  This is not allowed directly in Bash with this
    # construct: [ ! -z "${$1:-}" ].  We need to use indirection with eval operator.
    # Example: $1="var"
    # Expansion for eval operator: "[ ! -z \${$1:-} ]" -> "[ ! -z \${var:-} ]"
    # Code  execute: [ ! -z ${var:-} ]
    eval "[ ! -z \${$1:-} ]"
    return $?  # Pedantic.
}

相关:在Bash中,如何测试变量是否以“-u”模式定义