if [[ ${1:+isset} ]]
then echo "It was set and not null." >&2
else echo "It was not set or it was null." >&2
fi

if [[ ${1+isset} ]]
then echo "It was set but might be null." >&2
else echo "It was was not set." >&2
fi

我喜欢辅助功能来隐藏Bash的粗糙细节。在这种情况下，这样做会增加更多（隐藏的）粗糙度：

# The first ! negates the result (can't use -n to achieve this)
# the second ! expands the content of varname (can't do ${$varname})
function IsDeclared_Tricky
{
  local varname="$1"
  ! [ -z ${!varname+x} ]
}

因为我在这个实现中首先遇到了bug（灵感来自Jens和Lionel的回答），所以我想出了一个不同的解决方案：

# Ask for the properties of the variable - fails if not declared
function IsDeclared()
{
  declare -p $1 &>/dev/null
}

我发现它更直接，更害羞，更容易理解/记住。测试用例表明它是等效的：

function main()
{
  declare -i xyz
  local foo
  local bar=
  local baz=''

  IsDeclared_Tricky xyz; echo "IsDeclared_Tricky xyz: $?"
  IsDeclared_Tricky foo; echo "IsDeclared_Tricky foo: $?"
  IsDeclared_Tricky bar; echo "IsDeclared_Tricky bar: $?"
  IsDeclared_Tricky baz; echo "IsDeclared_Tricky baz: $?"

  IsDeclared xyz; echo "IsDeclared xyz: $?"
  IsDeclared foo; echo "IsDeclared foo: $?"
  IsDeclared bar; echo "IsDeclared bar: $?"
  IsDeclared baz; echo "IsDeclared baz: $?"
}

main

测试用例还显示，局部var不声明var（除非后面跟着“=”）。很长一段时间以来，我以为我是这样声明变量的，只是为了发现我只是表达了我的意图。。。我想这是不可能的。

IsDeclared_Tricky xyz:1IsDeclared_Tricky foo:1IsDeclared_Tricky条：0我声明的Tricky baz:0IsDeclared xyz:1IsDeclared foo:1IsDeclared栏：0IsDeclared baz:0

奖金：用例

我主要使用此测试以某种“优雅”和安全的方式（几乎类似于接口…）向函数提供（和返回）参数：

# Auxiliary functions
function die()
{
  echo "Error: $1"; exit 1
}

function assertVariableDeclared()
{
  IsDeclared "$1" || die "variable not declared: $1"
}

function expectVariables()
{
  while (( $# > 0 )); do
    assertVariableDeclared $1; shift
  done
}

# Actual example
function exampleFunction()
{
  expectVariables inputStr outputStr
  outputStr="$inputStr, World!"
}

function bonus()
{
  local inputStr='Hello'
  local outputStr= # Remove this to trigger the error
  exampleFunction
  echo $outputStr
}

bonus

如果调用时声明了所有必需的变量：

你好，世界！

其他：

错误：未声明变量：outputStr

[[ $foo ]]

Or

(( ${#foo} ))

Or

let ${#foo}

Or

declare -p foo

对于那些希望在使用set-u的脚本中检查未设置或空的脚本：

if [ -z "${var-}" ]; then
   echo "Must provide var environment variable. Exiting...."
   exit 1
fi

常规[-z“$var”]检查将因var而失败；未绑定变量如果设置-u但[-z“${var-}”]如果var未设置而不失败，则扩展为空字符串。

为了明确回答OP关于如何确定变量是否已设置的问题，Lionel的回答是正确的：

if test "${name+x}"; then
    echo 'name is set'
else
    echo 'name is not set'
fi

这个问题已经有很多答案，但没有一个提供真正的布尔表达式来明确区分变量值。

以下是我得出的一些明确表达：

+-----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+
| Expression in script  | name='fish' | name='' | unset name |
+-----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+
| test "$name"          | TRUE        | f       | f          |
| test -n "$name"       | TRUE        | f       | f          |
| test ! -z "$name"     | TRUE        | f       | f          |
| test ! "${name-x}"    | f           | TRUE    | f          |
| test ! "${name+x}"    | f           | f       | TRUE       |
+-----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+

顺便说一下，这些表达式是等价的：测试＜表达式＞＜＝＞〔＜表达式＞〕

其他需谨慎使用的歧义表达：

+----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+
| Expression in script | name='fish' | name='' | unset name |
+----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+
| test "${name+x}"     | TRUE        | TRUE    | f          |
| test "${name-x}"     | TRUE        | f       | TRUE       |
| test -z "$name"      | f           | TRUE    | TRUE       |
| test ! "$name"       | f           | TRUE    | TRUE       |
| test ! -n "$name"    | f           | TRUE    | TRUE       |
| test "$name" = ''    | f           | TRUE    | TRUE       |
+----------------------+-------------+---------+------------+

要检查是否设置了变量，请执行以下操作：

var=""; [[ $var ]] && echo "set" || echo "not set"