摘自开发者指南:

android:id="@+id/my_button"

The at-symbol (@) at the beginning of the string indicates that the XML parser should parse and expand the rest of the ID string and identify it as an ID resource. The plus-symbol (+) means that this is a new resource name that must be created and added to our resources (in the R.java file). There are a number of other ID resources that are offered by the Android framework. When referencing an Android resource ID, you do not need the plus-symbol, but must add the android package namespace, like so:

android：id=“@android：id/empty”

Android使用一些称为资源的文件，其中存储XML文件的值。

现在，当您对一个XML对象使用@id/时，它试图引用一个已经在值文件中注册的id。另一方面，当你使用@+id/时，它会在值文件中注册一个新的id，就像'+'符号所暗示的那样。

希望这能有所帮助:)。

摘自开发者指南:

android:id="@+id/my_button"

The at-symbol (@) at the beginning of the string indicates that the XML parser should parse and expand the rest of the ID string and identify it as an ID resource. The plus-symbol (+) means that this is a new resource name that must be created and added to our resources (in the R.java file). There are a number of other ID resources that are offered by the Android framework. When referencing an Android resource ID, you do not need the plus-symbol, but must add the android package namespace, like so:

android：id=“@android：id/empty”

The plus sign (+) before the resource type is needed only when you're defining a resource ID for the first time. When you compile the app, the SDK tools use the ID name to create a new resource ID in your project's R.java file that refers to the EditText element. With the resource ID declared once this way, other references to the ID do not need the plus sign. Using the plus sign is necessary only when specifying a new resource ID and not needed for concrete resources such as strings or layouts. See the sidebox for more information about resource objects.

来自:https://developer.android.com/training/basics/firstapp/building-ui.html

+号是将id添加到资源id列表的快捷方式。否则，您需要将它们保存在这样的xml文件中

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
    <item name="my_logo" type="id"/>
</resources>

简而言之

android:id="@+id/my_button"

+id加号告诉android在资源中添加或创建一个新的id。

而

android:layout_below="@id/my_button"

它只是帮助引用已经生成的id..