竞态条件是并发编程中的一种情况，其中两个并发线程或进程争夺资源，最终状态取决于谁先获得资源。

微软实际上已经发布了一篇关于竞态条件和死锁的非常详细的文章。最概括的摘要是标题段:

A race condition occurs when two threads access a shared variable at the same time. The first thread reads the variable, and the second thread reads the same value from the variable. Then the first thread and second thread perform their operations on the value, and they race to see which thread can write the value last to the shared variable. The value of the thread that writes its value last is preserved, because the thread is writing over the value that the previous thread wrote.

为了更好地理解竞态条件，请尝试以下基本示例:

    public class ThreadRaceCondition {

    /**
     * @param args
     * @throws InterruptedException
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Account myAccount = new Account(22222222);

        // Expected deposit: 250
        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
            Transaction t = new Transaction(myAccount,
                    Transaction.TransactionType.DEPOSIT, 5.00);
            t.start();
        }

        // Expected withdrawal: 50
        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
            Transaction t = new Transaction(myAccount,
                    Transaction.TransactionType.WITHDRAW, 1.00);
            t.start();

        }

        // Temporary sleep to ensure all threads are completed. Don't use in
        // realworld :-)
        Thread.sleep(1000);
        // Expected account balance is 200
        System.out.println("Final Account Balance: "
                + myAccount.getAccountBalance());

    }

}

class Transaction extends Thread {

    public static enum TransactionType {
        DEPOSIT(1), WITHDRAW(2);

        private int value;

        private TransactionType(int value) {
            this.value = value;
        }

        public int getValue() {
            return value;
        }
    };

    private TransactionType transactionType;
    private Account account;
    private double amount;

    /*
     * If transactionType == 1, deposit else if transactionType == 2 withdraw
     */
    public Transaction(Account account, TransactionType transactionType,
            double amount) {
        this.transactionType = transactionType;
        this.account = account;
        this.amount = amount;
    }

    public void run() {
        switch (this.transactionType) {
        case DEPOSIT:
            deposit();
            printBalance();
            break;
        case WITHDRAW:
            withdraw();
            printBalance();
            break;
        default:
            System.out.println("NOT A VALID TRANSACTION");
        }
        ;
    }

    public void deposit() {
        this.account.deposit(this.amount);
    }

    public void withdraw() {
        this.account.withdraw(amount);
    }

    public void printBalance() {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                + " : TransactionType: " + this.transactionType + ", Amount: "
                + this.amount);
        System.out.println("Account Balance: "
                + this.account.getAccountBalance());
    }
}

class Account {
    private int accountNumber;
    private double accountBalance;

    public int getAccountNumber() {
        return accountNumber;
    }

    public double getAccountBalance() {
        return accountBalance;
    }

    public Account(int accountNumber) {
        this.accountNumber = accountNumber;
    }

    // If this method is not synchronized, you will see race condition on
    // Remove syncronized keyword to see race condition
    public synchronized boolean deposit(double amount) {
        if (amount < 0) {
            return false;
        } else {
            accountBalance = accountBalance + amount;
            return true;
        }
    }

    // If this method is not synchronized, you will see race condition on
    // Remove syncronized keyword to see race condition
    public synchronized boolean withdraw(double amount) {
        if (amount > accountBalance) {
            return false;
        } else {
            accountBalance = accountBalance - amount;
            return true;
        }
    }
}

什么是竞态条件?

You are planning to go to a movie at 5 pm. You inquire about the availability of the tickets at 4 pm. The representative says that they are available. You relax and reach the ticket window 5 minutes before the show. I'm sure you can guess what happens: it's a full house. The problem here was in the duration between the check and the action. You inquired at 4 and acted at 5. In the meantime, someone else grabbed the tickets. That's a race condition - specifically a "check-then-act" scenario of race conditions.

你如何发现它们?

宗教代码审查多线程单元测试没有捷径。在此基础上出现了一些Eclipse插件，但还没有稳定的插件。

你如何处理和预防它们?

最好的方法是创建无副作用和无状态的函数，尽可能使用不可变函数。但这并不总是可能的。使用java。util。concurrent。原子的、并发的数据结构、适当的同步和基于参与者的并发将有所帮助。

并发性的最佳资源是JCIP。你也可以在这里得到更多关于上述解释的细节。

当访问共享资源的多线程(或其他并行)代码可能以导致意外结果的方式访问共享资源时，就存在“竞争条件”。

举个例子:

for ( int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++ )
{
   x = x + 1; 
}

如果你有5个线程同时执行这段代码，x的值最终不会是50,000,000。事实上，它会随着每一次运行而变化。

这是因为，为了让每个线程增加x的值，它们必须做以下事情:(显然是简化的)

Retrieve the value of x
Add 1 to this value
Store this value to x

任何线程都可以在任何时间处于此进程的任何步骤，并且当涉及共享资源时，它们可以相互踩。在读取x和写回x之间的时间内，x的状态可以由另一个线程改变。

假设一个线程获取了x的值，但还没有存储它。另一个线程也可以检索相同的x值(因为还没有线程更改它)，然后它们都将在x中存储相同的值(x+1) !

例子:

Thread 1: reads x, value is 7
Thread 1: add 1 to x, value is now 8
Thread 2: reads x, value is 7
Thread 1: stores 8 in x
Thread 2: adds 1 to x, value is now 8
Thread 2: stores 8 in x

竞争条件可以通过在代码访问共享资源之前使用某种锁定机制来避免:

for ( int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++ )
{
   //lock x
   x = x + 1; 
   //unlock x
}

这里，答案每次都是50,000,000。

有关锁的更多信息，请搜索:互斥量，信号量，临界区，共享资源。

什么是竞态条件?

过程严重依赖于其他事件的顺序或时间的情况。

例如, 处理器A和处理器B的执行都需要相同的资源。

你如何发现它们?

有一些工具可以自动检测竞态状态:

基于锁集的竞赛检查器 发生在种族检测之前 杂交种族检测

你是如何处理的?

竞争条件可以由互斥量或信号量处理。它们就像锁一样，允许进程根据特定的需求获取资源，以防止竞争。

你如何防止它们的发生?

防止竞争状态的方法有很多种，比如避免临界区。

没有两个进程同时在它们的关键区域内。(互斥) 没有对速度或cpu数量做任何假设。 没有进程运行在阻塞其他进程的关键区域之外。 没有进程需要永远等待才能进入临界区。(A等待B资源，B等待C资源，C等待A资源)