什么是竞态条件?

You are planning to go to a movie at 5 pm. You inquire about the availability of the tickets at 4 pm. The representative says that they are available. You relax and reach the ticket window 5 minutes before the show. I'm sure you can guess what happens: it's a full house. The problem here was in the duration between the check and the action. You inquired at 4 and acted at 5. In the meantime, someone else grabbed the tickets. That's a race condition - specifically a "check-then-act" scenario of race conditions.

你如何发现它们?

宗教代码审查多线程单元测试没有捷径。在此基础上出现了一些Eclipse插件，但还没有稳定的插件。

你如何处理和预防它们?

最好的方法是创建无副作用和无状态的函数，尽可能使用不可变函数。但这并不总是可能的。使用java。util。concurrent。原子的、并发的数据结构、适当的同步和基于参与者的并发将有所帮助。

并发性的最佳资源是JCIP。你也可以在这里得到更多关于上述解释的细节。

考虑一个操作，该操作必须在计数增加时立即显示计数。ie。，只要CounterThread增加值，DisplayThread就需要显示最近更新的值。

int i = 0;

输出

CounterThread -> i = 1  
DisplayThread -> i = 1  
CounterThread -> i = 2  
CounterThread -> i = 3  
CounterThread -> i = 4  
DisplayThread -> i = 4

在这里，CounterThread频繁地获取锁，并在DisplayThread显示它之前更新值。这里存在一个竞态条件。竞争条件可以通过使用同步来解决

当两个或多个线程可以访问共享数据，并且它们试图同时更改数据时，就会发生竞态条件。因为线程调度算法可以在任何时候在线程之间交换，所以您不知道线程将尝试访问共享数据的顺序。因此，数据更改的结果依赖于线程调度算法，即两个线程都在“竞相”访问/更改数据。

当一个线程执行“检查-然后-行动”时，问题经常发生。“check”如果值是X，那么“act”做一些取决于值是X的事情)，另一个线程在“check”和“act”之间对值做一些事情。例句:

if (x == 5) // The "Check"
{
   y = x * 2; // The "Act"

   // If another thread changed x in between "if (x == 5)" and "y = x * 2" above,
   // y will not be equal to 10.
}

这一点是，y可以是10，也可以是任何值，这取决于在检查和执行之间是否有另一个线程改变了x。你根本不知道。

为了防止竞争条件的发生，您通常会在共享数据周围放置一个锁，以确保一次只有一个线程可以访问数据。这意味着:

// Obtain lock for x
if (x == 5)
{
   y = x * 2; // Now, nothing can change x until the lock is released. 
              // Therefore y = 10
}
// release lock for x

竞态条件是当两个或多个进程可以同时访问和更改共享数据时出现的不希望出现的情况。这是因为对资源的访问发生冲突。临界区问题可能导致竞争状态。为了解决进程之间的临界条件，我们每次只取出一个执行临界段的进程。

竞态条件是并发编程中的一种情况，其中两个并发线程或进程争夺资源，最终状态取决于谁先获得资源。

为了更好地理解竞态条件，请尝试以下基本示例:

    public class ThreadRaceCondition {

    /**
     * @param args
     * @throws InterruptedException
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Account myAccount = new Account(22222222);

        // Expected deposit: 250
        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
            Transaction t = new Transaction(myAccount,
                    Transaction.TransactionType.DEPOSIT, 5.00);
            t.start();
        }

        // Expected withdrawal: 50
        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
            Transaction t = new Transaction(myAccount,
                    Transaction.TransactionType.WITHDRAW, 1.00);
            t.start();

        }

        // Temporary sleep to ensure all threads are completed. Don't use in
        // realworld :-)
        Thread.sleep(1000);
        // Expected account balance is 200
        System.out.println("Final Account Balance: "
                + myAccount.getAccountBalance());

    }

}

class Transaction extends Thread {

    public static enum TransactionType {
        DEPOSIT(1), WITHDRAW(2);

        private int value;

        private TransactionType(int value) {
            this.value = value;
        }

        public int getValue() {
            return value;
        }
    };

    private TransactionType transactionType;
    private Account account;
    private double amount;

    /*
     * If transactionType == 1, deposit else if transactionType == 2 withdraw
     */
    public Transaction(Account account, TransactionType transactionType,
            double amount) {
        this.transactionType = transactionType;
        this.account = account;
        this.amount = amount;
    }

    public void run() {
        switch (this.transactionType) {
        case DEPOSIT:
            deposit();
            printBalance();
            break;
        case WITHDRAW:
            withdraw();
            printBalance();
            break;
        default:
            System.out.println("NOT A VALID TRANSACTION");
        }
        ;
    }

    public void deposit() {
        this.account.deposit(this.amount);
    }

    public void withdraw() {
        this.account.withdraw(amount);
    }

    public void printBalance() {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                + " : TransactionType: " + this.transactionType + ", Amount: "
                + this.amount);
        System.out.println("Account Balance: "
                + this.account.getAccountBalance());
    }
}

class Account {
    private int accountNumber;
    private double accountBalance;

    public int getAccountNumber() {
        return accountNumber;
    }

    public double getAccountBalance() {
        return accountBalance;
    }

    public Account(int accountNumber) {
        this.accountNumber = accountNumber;
    }

    // If this method is not synchronized, you will see race condition on
    // Remove syncronized keyword to see race condition
    public synchronized boolean deposit(double amount) {
        if (amount < 0) {
            return false;
        } else {
            accountBalance = accountBalance + amount;
            return true;
        }
    }

    // If this method is not synchronized, you will see race condition on
    // Remove syncronized keyword to see race condition
    public synchronized boolean withdraw(double amount) {
        if (amount > accountBalance) {
            return false;
        } else {
            accountBalance = accountBalance - amount;
            return true;
        }
    }
}