Visual Studio允许通过自动生成的访问器类对私有方法进行单元测试。我已经编写了一个私有方法的测试，它编译成功，但在运行时失败。一个相当小的版本的代码和测试是:
//in project MyProj
class TypeA
{
private List<TypeB> myList = new List<TypeB>();
private class TypeB
{
public TypeB()
{
}
}
public TypeA()
{
}
private void MyFunc()
{
//processing of myList that changes state of instance
}
}
//in project TestMyProj
public void MyFuncTest()
{
TypeA_Accessor target = new TypeA_Accessor();
//following line is the one that throws exception
target.myList.Add(new TypeA_Accessor.TypeB());
target.MyFunc();
//check changed state of target
}
运行时错误为:
Object of type System.Collections.Generic.List`1[MyProj.TypeA.TypeA_Accessor+TypeB]' cannot be converted to type 'System.Collections.Generic.List`1[MyProj.TypeA.TypeA+TypeB]'.
根据智能感知-因此我猜编译器-目标类型是TypeA_Accessor。但是在运行时它的类型是TypeA，因此列表添加失败。
有什么方法可以停止这个错误吗?或者，更有可能的是，其他人有什么其他的建议(我预测可能是“不要测试私有方法”和“不要使用单元测试来操纵对象的状态”)。
我使用这个helper(对象类型扩展)
public static TReturn CallPrivateMethod<TReturn>(
this object instance,
string methodName,
params object[] parameters)
{
Type type = instance.GetType();
BindingFlags bindingAttr = BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance;
MethodInfo method = type.GetMethod(methodName, bindingAttr);
return (TReturn)method.Invoke(instance, parameters);
}
你可以这样叫它
Calculator systemUnderTest = new Calculator();
int result = systemUnderTest.CallPrivateMethod<int>("PrivateAdd",1,8);
优点之一是它使用泛型来预先确定返回类型。
这里的另一个想法是将测试扩展到“内部”类/方法，给这种测试更多的白盒意义。您可以在程序集上使用InternalsVisibleTo属性将它们公开给单独的单元测试模块。
结合密封类，你可以达到这样的封装，测试方法只能从单元测试程序集你的方法可见。考虑到密封类中的受保护方法实际上是私有的。
[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("MyCode.UnitTests")]
namespace MyCode.MyWatch
{
#pragma warning disable CS0628 //invalid because of InternalsVisibleTo
public sealed class MyWatch
{
Func<DateTime> _getNow = delegate () { return DateTime.Now; };
//construktor for testing purposes where you "can change DateTime.Now"
internal protected MyWatch(Func<DateTime> getNow)
{
_getNow = getNow;
}
public MyWatch()
{
}
}
}
和单元测试:
namespace MyCode.UnitTests
{
[TestMethod]
public void TestminuteChanged()
{
//watch for traviling in time
DateTime baseTime = DateTime.Now;
DateTime nowforTesting = baseTime;
Func<DateTime> _getNowForTesting = delegate () { return nowforTesting; };
MyWatch myWatch= new MyWatch(_getNowForTesting );
nowforTesting = baseTime.AddMinute(1); //skip minute
//TODO check myWatch
}
[TestMethod]
public void TestStabilityOnFebruary29()
{
Func<DateTime> _getNowForTesting = delegate () { return new DateTime(2024, 2, 29); };
MyWatch myWatch= new MyWatch(_getNowForTesting );
//component does not crash in overlap year
}
}
public static class PrivateMethodTester
{
public static object InvokePrivateMethodWithReturnType<T>(this T testObject, string methodName, Type[] methodParamTypes, object[] parameters)
{
//shows that we want the nonpublic, static, or instance methods.
var flags = BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance;
//gets the method, but we need the methodparamtypes so that we don't accidentally get an ambiguous method with different params.
MethodInfo methodInfo = testObject.GetType().GetMethod(methodName, flags, null, methodParamTypes, null);
if (methodInfo == null)
{
throw new Exception("Unable to find method.");
}
//invokes our method on our object with the parameters.
var result = methodInfo.Invoke(testObject, parameters);
if (result is Task task)
{
//if it is a task, it won't resolve without forcing it to resolve, which means we won't get our exceptions.
task.GetAwaiter().GetResult();
}
return result;
}
}
这样称呼它:
Type[] paramTypes = new Type[] { typeof(OrderTender), typeof(string) };
var parameters = new object[] { orderTender, OrderErrorReasonNames.FailedToCloneTransaction };
myClass.InvokePrivateMethodWithReturnType("myPrivateMethodName", paramTypes, parameters);
提取私有方法到另一个类，在该类上进行测试;阅读更多关于SRP原则(单一责任原则)
看起来你需要将私有方法提取到另一个类;在这方面应该是公开的。您应该测试另一个类的公共方法，而不是试图测试私有方法。
我们有以下场景:
Class A
+ outputFile: Stream
- _someLogic(arg1, arg2)
我们需要测试_someLogic;但A类似乎扮演了过多的角色(违反SRP原则);只需将其重构为两个类
Class A1
+ A1(logicHandler: A2) # take A2 for handle logic
+ outputFile: Stream
Class A2
+ someLogic(arg1, arg2)
这样就可以在A2上测试一些逻辑;在A1中，只需创建一些伪A2，然后注入到构造函数中，以测试A2被调用到名为someLogic的函数中。
