在JavaScript中，函数可以用作构造函数。这意味着我们可以使用new关键字从它们中创建对象。每个构造函数都带有一个内置对象。这个内置对象称为原型。构造函数的实例使用__proto__来访问其构造函数的prototype属性。

First we created a constructor: function Foo(){}. To be clear, Foo is just another function. But we can create an object from it with the new keyword. That's why we call it the constructor function Every function has a unique property which is called the prototype property. So, Constructor function Foo has a prototype property which points to its prototype, which is Foo.prototype (see image). Constructor functions are themselves a function which is an instance of a system constructor called the [[Function]] constructor. So we can say that function Foo is constructed by a [[Function]] constructor. So, __proto__ of our Foo function will point to the prototype of its constructor, which is Function.prototype. Function.prototype is itself is nothing but an object which is constructed from another system constructor called [[Object]]. So, [[Object]] is the constructor of Function.prototype. So, we can say Function.prototype is an instance of [[Object]]. So __proto__ of Function.prototype points to Object.prototype. Object.prototype is the last man standing in the prototype chain. I mean it has not been constructed. It's already there in the system. So its __proto__ points to null. Now we come to instances of Foo. When we create an instance using new Foo(), it creates a new object which is an instance of Foo. That means Foo is the constructor of these instances. Here we created two instances (x and y). __proto__ of x and y thus points to Foo.prototype.

定义

(括号()内的数字是一个“链接”到下面写的代码)

原型-一个对象，包括: =>函数(3) prototype(5) 通过此构造函数(1)创建或将创建的对象(4) =>构造函数本身(1) =>此特定对象的__proto__ (prototype对象)

__proto__ (dandor prototype ?) -通过特定构造函数(1)创建的任何对象(2)和该构造函数的原型对象的属性(5)之间的链接，允许每个创建的对象(2)访问原型的函数和方法(4)(__proto__默认包含在JS中的每个对象中)

代码说明

1.

    function Person (name, age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;  

    } 

2.

    var John = new Person(‘John’, 37);
    // John is an object

3.

    Person.prototype.getOlder = function() {
        this.age++;
    }
    // getOlder is a key that has a value of the function

4.

    John.getOlder();

5.

    Person.prototype;

我认为你需要知道__proto__， [[prototype]]和prototype之间的区别。

公认的答案是有帮助的，但它可能暗示(不完全)__proto__只与在构造函数上使用new创建的对象相关，这是不正确的。

更准确地说:__proto__存在于每个对象上。

But what is __proto__ at all? Well, it is an object referencing another object which is also a property of all objects, called [[prototype]]. It's worth mentioning that [[prototype]] is something that JavaScript handles internally and is inaccessible to the developer. Why would we need a reference object to the property [[prototype]] (of all objects)? Because JavaScript doesn't want to allow getting / setting the [[prototype]] directly, so it allows it through a middle layer which is __proto__. So you can think of __proto__ as a getter/setter of the [[prototype]] property. What is prototype then? It is something specific to functions(Initially defined in Function, i.e, Function.prototype and then prototypically inherited by newly created functions, and then again those functions give it to their children, forming a chain of prototypical inheritance). JavaScript uses a parent function's prototype to set its child functions' [[prototype]] when that parent function is run with new (remember we said all objects have [[prototype]]? well, functions are objects too, so they have [[prototype]] as well). So when the [[prototype]] of a function(child) is set to the prototype of another function(parent), you will have this in the end: let child = new Parent(); child.__proto__ === Parent.prototype // --> true. (Remember child.[[prototype]] is inaccessible, so we checked it using __proto__.)

注意1:只要属性不在子对象中，它的__proto__将被“隐式”搜索。例如，if child。Myprop返回一个值，你不能说" Myprop "是子对象的属性，还是父对象原型的属性。这也意味着你永远不需要做这样的事情:child.__proto__.__proto__。我的东西你自己拿去吧，孩子。Myprop会自动为你做这件事。

注意2:即使父对象的原型中有项目，子对象自己的原型最初也是一个空对象。如果您想进一步扩展继承链(将child[ren]添加到child)，则可以向其中添加项或手动从其中删除项。或者可以隐式地操纵它，例如使用类语法。)

注意3:如果你需要自己设置/获取[[prototype]]，使用__proto__有点过时，现代JavaScript建议使用Object。setPrototypeOf和Object。getPrototypeOf代替。

在JavaScript中，函数可以用作构造函数。这意味着我们可以使用new关键字从它们中创建对象。每个构造函数都带有一个内置对象。这个内置对象称为原型。构造函数的实例使用__proto__来访问其构造函数的prototype属性。

First we created a constructor: function Foo(){}. To be clear, Foo is just another function. But we can create an object from it with the new keyword. That's why we call it the constructor function Every function has a unique property which is called the prototype property. So, Constructor function Foo has a prototype property which points to its prototype, which is Foo.prototype (see image). Constructor functions are themselves a function which is an instance of a system constructor called the [[Function]] constructor. So we can say that function Foo is constructed by a [[Function]] constructor. So, __proto__ of our Foo function will point to the prototype of its constructor, which is Function.prototype. Function.prototype is itself is nothing but an object which is constructed from another system constructor called [[Object]]. So, [[Object]] is the constructor of Function.prototype. So, we can say Function.prototype is an instance of [[Object]]. So __proto__ of Function.prototype points to Object.prototype. Object.prototype is the last man standing in the prototype chain. I mean it has not been constructed. It's already there in the system. So its __proto__ points to null. Now we come to instances of Foo. When we create an instance using new Foo(), it creates a new object which is an instance of Foo. That means Foo is the constructor of these instances. Here we created two instances (x and y). __proto__ of x and y thus points to Foo.prototype.

简单来说:

> var a = 1
undefined
> a.__proto__
[Number: 0]
> Number.prototype
[Number: 0]
> Number.prototype === a.__proto__
true

这允许你在X类型的对象实例化之后将属性附加到X.prototype，并且它们仍然可以通过javascript引擎使用的__proto__引用访问这些新属性。

我的理解是:__proto__和prototype都是为原型链技术服务的。区别在于以下划线命名的函数(如__proto__)根本不是开发人员显式调用的目标。换句话说，它们只是用于继承等机制，它们是“后端”。但是不带下划线的函数是为显式调用而设计的，它们是“前端”。