我想在上面说的基础上补充这一点。

假设您正在使用Spring (MVC和数据)与这个简单的架构:

Controller <-> Service <-> Repository

如果你使用FetchType，你想返回一些数据到前端。LAZY，在你将数据返回给控制器方法后，你会得到一个LazyInitializationException，因为会话在服务中关闭了，所以JSON Mapper对象无法获得数据。

根据设计、性能和开发人员的不同，有两种常见的方法来解决这个问题:

最简单的方法是使用FetchType。EAGER或任何其他反模式解决方案，使会话仍然活跃在控制器方法，但这些方法将影响性能。 最佳实践是使用FetchType。LAZY使用映射器(如MapStruct)将数据从Entity传输到另一个数据对象DTO，然后将其发送回控制器，因此会话关闭时没有异常。

有一个简单的例子:

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class UserResource {

    @GetMapping("/users")
    public Page<UserDTO> getAllUsers(Pageable pageable) {
        return userService.getAllUsers(pageable);
    }
}

@Service
@Transactional
public class UserService {

    private final UserRepository userRepository;

    public UserService(UserRepository userRepository) {
        this.userRepository = userRepository;
    }

    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
    public Page<UserDTO> getAllUsers(Pageable pageable) {
        return userRepository.findAll(pageable).map(UserDTO::new);
    }
}

@Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, String> {

    Page<User> findAll(Pageable pageable);
}

public class UserDTO {

    private Long id;

    private String firstName;

    private String lastName;

    private String email;
    
    private Set<String> addresses;

    public UserDTO() {
        // Empty constructor needed for Jackson.
    }

    public UserDTO(User user) {
        this.id = user.getId();
        this.firstName = user.getFirstName();
        this.lastName = user.getLastName();
        this.email = user.getEmail();
        this.addresses = user.getAddresses().stream()
            .map(Address::getAddress)
            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
    }

    // Getters, setters, equals, and hashCode
}

@Entity
@Table(name = "user")
public class User implements Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;

    @Column
    private String firstName;

    @Column
    private String lastName;

    @Column(unique = true)
    private String email;
    
    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "address", fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
    private Set<Address> addresses = new HashSet<>();

    // Getters, setters, equals, and hashCode
}

@Entity
@Table(name = "address")
public class Address implements Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;

    @Column
    private String address;

    @ManyToOne
    @JsonIgnoreProperties(value = "addresses", allowSetters = true)
    private User user;

    // Getters, setters, equals, and hashCode
}

基本上,

LAZY = fetch when needed
EAGER = fetch immediately

JOIN很重要

轻松地看待它:

假设我们有一个叫User的类和另一个叫Address的类，假设每个用户都有一个或多个地址，意思是关系(一对多)，如果执行:

FetchType。LAZY执行sql命令，就像没有join一样:

SELECT * FROM users 

FetchType。执行sql命令:

SELECT * FROM users u join address a on a.user_id = u.user_id

注意:以上查询只是为您澄清图像，但Hibernate框架实际执行的查询与上述查询类似。

哪种获取类型更好?

由于Eager抓取会自动加载所有关系，这是一个很大的性能消耗 除非被告知，否则惰性抓取不会加载任何关系，这将带来更好的性能 即时抓取使得编程更容易，因为需要的代码更少 如果整个系统没有经过适当的测试，延迟加载可能会导致错误(异常) 考虑到所有因素，您仍然应该更喜欢Lazy加载而不是Eager加载，因为它的性能更好

如果你正在使用Spring引导框架，那么就进入应用程序。属性文件并添加下面的命令以了解到底发生了什么。

logging.level.org.hibernate.SQL=DEBUG
logging.level.org.hibernate.type.descriptor.sql.BasicBinder=TRACE

来自Javadoc:

EAGER策略是持久性提供程序运行时的一个要求，即必须急切地获取数据。LAZY策略是对持久性提供程序运行时的一个提示，即在第一次访问数据时应该以惰性方式获取数据。

例如，渴望比懒惰更主动。Lazy只发生在第一次使用时(如果提供者接受了暗示)，而对于急切的东西(可能)会被预取。

public enum FetchType extends java.lang.Enum Defines strategies for fetching data from the database. The EAGER strategy is a requirement on the persistence provider runtime that data must be eagerly fetched. The LAZY strategy is a hint to the persistence provider runtime that data should be fetched lazily when it is first accessed. The implementation is permitted to eagerly fetch data for which the LAZY strategy hint has been specified. Example: @Basic(fetch=LAZY) protected String getName() { return name; }

源

I may consider performance and memory utilization. One big difference is that EAGER fetch strategy allows to use fetched data object without session. Why? All data is fetched when eager marked data in the object when session is connected. However, in case of lazy loading strategy, lazy loading marked object does not retrieve data if session is disconnected (after session.close() statement). All that can be made by hibernate proxy. Eager strategy lets data to be still available after closing session.