有一个小小的评论: 如果你使用惰性类型，如果你关闭会话，你以后将不能从数据库中获取数据(参见下面的输出)。

但是对于Eager类型，你在获取Instructor的同时获取数据，所以在session.close()之后，你将能够使用/显示这些课程列表数据。

  @OneToMany(//fetch = FetchType.EAGER, 
        fetch = FetchType.LAZY,  
           mappedBy = "instructor",        
           cascade = {CascadeType.DETACH, CascadeType.MERGE,
                CascadeType.PERSIST, CascadeType.REFRESH})
private List<Course> courseList; 

我建议在调试模式下尝试这两种方法。在这种情况下，我使用惰性类型，你可以看到。

 try {
        //start the transaction
        session.beginTransaction();

        //Get instructor from database
        int instructorId = 7;

        Instructor tempInstructor = session.get(Instructor.class,instructorId);

        System.out.println("Instructor: "+tempInstructor);


        //commit transaction
        session.getTransaction().commit();

       //close session
       session.close();

       //since courselist is lazy loaded... this should fail
       //so in here we are not able to fetch courselist data
       //get courses
        System.out.println("Courses "+tempInstructor.getCourseList() );


        System.out.println("Done!");

    } finally {
        session.close();
        factory.close();
    }
}

输出异常:

Exception in thread "main" org.hibernate.LazyInitializationException: failed to lazily initialize a collection of role: com.exercise.hibernate.entity.Instructor.courseList, could not initialize proxy - no Session
at org.hibernate.collection.internal.AbstractPersistentCollection.throwLazyInitializationException(AbstractPersistentCollection.java:606)
at org.hibernate.collection.internal.AbstractPersistentCollection.withTemporarySessionIfNeeded(AbstractPersistentCollection.java:218)
at org.hibernate.collection.internal.AbstractPersistentCollection.initialize(AbstractPersistentCollection.java:585)
at org.hibernate.collection.internal.AbstractPersistentCollection.read(AbstractPersistentCollection.java:149)
at org.hibernate.collection.internal.PersistentBag.toString(PersistentBag.java:621)
at java.base/java.lang.StringConcatHelper.stringOf(StringConcatHelper.java:453)
at java.base/java.lang.StringConcatHelper.simpleConcat(StringConcatHelper.java:408)
at com.exercise.hibernate.main.EagerLazyLoading.main(EagerLazyLoading.java:56)

JOIN很重要

轻松地看待它:

假设我们有一个叫User的类和另一个叫Address的类，假设每个用户都有一个或多个地址，意思是关系(一对多)，如果执行:

FetchType。LAZY执行sql命令，就像没有join一样:

SELECT * FROM users 

FetchType。执行sql命令:

SELECT * FROM users u join address a on a.user_id = u.user_id

注意:以上查询只是为您澄清图像，但Hibernate框架实际执行的查询与上述查询类似。

哪种获取类型更好?

由于Eager抓取会自动加载所有关系，这是一个很大的性能消耗 除非被告知，否则惰性抓取不会加载任何关系，这将带来更好的性能 即时抓取使得编程更容易，因为需要的代码更少 如果整个系统没有经过适当的测试，延迟加载可能会导致错误(异常) 考虑到所有因素，您仍然应该更喜欢Lazy加载而不是Eager加载，因为它的性能更好

如果你正在使用Spring引导框架，那么就进入应用程序。属性文件并添加下面的命令以了解到底发生了什么。

logging.level.org.hibernate.SQL=DEBUG
logging.level.org.hibernate.type.descriptor.sql.BasicBinder=TRACE

Book.java

        import java.io.Serializable;
        import javax.persistence.Column;
        import javax.persistence.Entity;
        import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
        import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
        import javax.persistence.Id;
        import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;
        import javax.persistence.Table;

        @Entity
        @Table(name="Books")
        public class Books implements Serializable{

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        @Column(name="book_id")
        private int id;
        @Column(name="book_name")
        private String name;

        @Column(name="author_name")
        private String authorName;

        @ManyToOne
        Subject subject;

        public Subject getSubject() {
            return subject;
        }
        public void setSubject(Subject subject) {
            this.subject = subject;
        }

        public int getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(int id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
        public String getAuthorName() {
            return authorName;
        }
        public void setAuthorName(String authorName) {
            this.authorName = authorName;
        }

        }

Subject.java

    import java.io.Serializable;
    import java.util.ArrayList;
    import java.util.List;
    import javax.persistence.CascadeType;
    import javax.persistence.Column;
    import javax.persistence.Entity;
    import javax.persistence.FetchType;
    import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; 
    import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
    import javax.persistence.Id;
    import javax.persistence.OneToMany;
    import javax.persistence.Table;

    @Entity
    @Table(name="Subject")
    public class Subject implements Serializable{

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    @Column(name="subject_id")
    private int id;
    @Column(name="subject_name")
    private String name;
    /**
    Observe carefully i have mentioned fetchType.EAGER. By default its is fetchType.LAZY for @OneToMany i have mentioned it but not required. Check the Output by changing it to fetchType.EAGER
    */

    @OneToMany(mappedBy="subject",cascade=CascadeType.ALL,fetch=FetchType.LAZY,
orphanRemoval=true)
    List<Books> listBooks=new ArrayList<Books>();

    public List<Books> getListBooks() {
        return listBooks;
    }
    public void setListBooks(List<Books> listBooks) {
        this.listBooks = listBooks;
    }
    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }
    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    }

HibernateUtil.java

import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.boot.registry.StandardServiceRegistryBuilder;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class HibernateUtil {

 private static SessionFactory sessionFactory ;
 static {
    Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
    configuration.addAnnotatedClass (Com.OneToMany.Books.class);
    configuration.addAnnotatedClass (Com.OneToMany.Subject.class);
    configuration.setProperty("connection.driver_class","com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
    configuration.setProperty("hibernate.connection.url", "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/hibernate");                                
    configuration.setProperty("hibernate.connection.username", "root");     
    configuration.setProperty("hibernate.connection.password", "root");
    configuration.setProperty("dialect", "org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect");
    configuration.setProperty("hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto", "update");
    configuration.setProperty("hibernate.show_sql", "true");
    configuration.setProperty(" hibernate.connection.pool_size", "10");
    configuration.setProperty(" hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache", "true");
    configuration.setProperty(" hibernate.cache.use_query_cache", "true");
    configuration.setProperty(" cache.provider_class", "org.hibernate.cache.EhCacheProvider");
    configuration.setProperty("hibernate.cache.region.factory_class" ,"org.hibernate.cache.ehcache.EhCacheRegionFactory");

   // configuration
    StandardServiceRegistryBuilder builder = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder().applySettings(configuration.getProperties());
    sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory(builder.build());
 }
public static SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {
    return sessionFactory;
}
} 

Main.java

    import org.hibernate.Session;
    import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;

    public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SessionFactory factory=HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory();
        save(factory);
        retrieve(factory);

    }

     private static void retrieve(SessionFactory factory) {
        Session session=factory.openSession();
        try{
            session.getTransaction().begin();
            Subject subject=(Subject)session.get(Subject.class, 1);
            System.out.println("subject associated collection is loading lazily as @OneToMany is lazy loaded");

            Books books=(Books)session.get(Books.class, 1);
            System.out.println("books associated collection is loading eagerly as by default @ManyToOne is Eagerly loaded");
            /*Books b1=(Books)session.get(Books.class, new Integer(1));

            Subject sub=session.get(Subject.class, 1);
            sub.getListBooks().remove(b1);
            session.save(sub);
            session.getTransaction().commit();*/
        }catch(Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally{
            session.close();
        }

        }

       private static void save(SessionFactory factory){
        Subject subject=new Subject();
        subject.setName("C++");

        Books books=new Books();
        books.setAuthorName("Bala");
        books.setName("C++ Book");
        books.setSubject(subject);

        subject.getListBooks().add(books);
        Session session=factory.openSession();
        try{
        session.beginTransaction();

        session.save(subject);

        session.getTransaction().commit();
        }catch(Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally{
            session.close();
        }
    }

    }

检查Main.java的retrieve()方法。当我们获取Subject时，它的集合listBooks(带有@OneToMany注解)将被惰性加载。但是，另一方面，Books与集合主题相关的关联，带有@ManyToOne注释，会快速加载(@ManyToOne的[默认值][1]，fetchType=EAGER)。我们可以通过放置fetchType来改变这种行为。在@OneToMany Subject.java或fetchType上执行EAGER。LAZY on @ManyToOne in Books.java。

来自Javadoc:

EAGER策略是持久性提供程序运行时的一个要求，即必须急切地获取数据。LAZY策略是对持久性提供程序运行时的一个提示，即在第一次访问数据时应该以惰性方式获取数据。

例如，渴望比懒惰更主动。Lazy只发生在第一次使用时(如果提供者接受了暗示)，而对于急切的东西(可能)会被预取。

基本上,

LAZY = fetch when needed
EAGER = fetch immediately

要理解它们之间的区别，最好的方法是了解lazy-okay。 FetchType。LAZY告诉hibernate在使用关系时只从数据库中获取相关的实体。

p.s.:在我参与过的许多项目中，我看到许多软件开发人员并不重视他们，甚至有人称自己为高级开发人员。如果您正在进行的项目不是在大量数据上进行数据交换，那么在这里使用EAGER是可以的。但是，考虑到可能出现n+1个问题的问题，您需要在默认情况下知道关系的获取类型之后注意这些问题。

这里你可以看到默认值: Hibernate中的默认获取类型为一对一、多对一和一对多

而且，即使在理解了取回类型之后，它也不会就此结束。要理解何时使用LAZY和何时使用EAGER，还需要理解单向和双向的概念。此外，spring引导存储库有一些方法允许它为懒惰或急切的用户读取数据。例如，getOne()或getById()方法允许您从实体中延迟获取数据。简而言之，你用什么，什么时候用，取决于对方想让你做什么。