内聚性是一个模块相对功能强度的指示。

A cohesive module performs a single task, requiring little interaction with other components in other parts of a program. Stated simply, a cohesive module should (ideally) do just one thing. Conventional view: the “single-mindedness” of a module OO view: cohesion implies that a component or class encapsulates only attributes and operations that are closely related to one another and to the class or component itself Levels of cohesion Functional Layer Communicational Sequential Procedural Temporal utility

耦合表示模块之间的相对相互依赖。

耦合取决于模块之间的接口复杂性 指向一个模块的条目或引用，以及什么数据 通过接口传递。 传统观点: 一个组件与其他组件和外部世界的连接程度 OO视图:类之间连接程度的定性度量 耦合水平 内容 常见 控制 邮票 数据 程序调用 类型使用 包含或导入 外部#

凝聚力:Co的意思是在一起，hesion的意思是粘在一起。粘结:不同物质的微粒粘在一起的系统

举个现实的例子: img礼貌

整体大于部分之和-亚里士多德。

Cohesion is an ordinal type of measurement and is usually described as “high cohesion” or “low cohesion”. Modules with high cohesion tend to be preferable, because high cohesion is associated with several desirable traits of software including robustness, reliability, reusability, and understandability. In contrast, low cohesion is associated with undesirable traits such as being difficult to maintain, test, reuse, or even understand. wiki Coupling is usually contrasted with cohesion. Low coupling often correlates with high cohesion, and vice versa. Low coupling is often a sign of a well-structured computer system and a good design, and when combined with high cohesion, supports the general goals of high readability and maintainability. wiki

内聚指的是类(或模块)可以做什么。低内聚意味着这个类会做各种各样的动作——它很宽泛，不关注它应该做什么。高内聚意味着类专注于它应该做的事情，即只有与类的意图相关的方法。

低内聚的例子:

-------------------
| Staff           |
-------------------
| checkEmail()    |
| sendEmail()     |
| emailValidate() |
| PrintLetter()   |
-------------------

高内聚的例子:

----------------------------
| Staff                   |
----------------------------
| -salary                 |
| -emailAddr              |
----------------------------
| setSalary(newSalary)    |
| getSalary()             |
| setEmailAddr(newEmail)  |
| getEmailAddr()          |
----------------------------

至于耦合，它指的是两个类/模块彼此之间的关联或依赖程度。对于低耦合类，改变一个类中的主要内容不应该影响到另一个类。高耦合会使更改和维护代码变得困难;由于类紧密地结合在一起，因此进行更改可能需要对整个系统进行改造。

好的软件设计具有高内聚性和低耦合性。

cohesion refers all about how a single class is designed. Cohesion is the Object Oriented principle most closely associated with making sure that a class is designed with a single, well-focused purpose. The more focused a class is, the cohesiveness of that class is more. The advantages of high cohesion is that such classes are much easier to maintain (and less frequently changed) than classes with low cohesion. Another benefit of high cohesion is that classes with a well-focused purpose tend to be more reusable than other classes.

在上图中，我们可以看到，在低内聚情况下，只有一个类负责执行大量不相同的作业，这降低了可重用性和维护的机会。但是在高内聚的情况下，所有的作业都有一个单独的类来执行特定的作业，这样可以获得更好的可用性和可维护性。

内聚性表明了软件元素的职责是如何相互关联和集中的。

耦合指的是软件元素与其他元素的连接强度。

软件元素可以是类、包、组件、子系统或系统。在设计系统时，建议使用具有高内聚性和支持低耦合的软件元素。

低内聚导致整体类难以维护、理解，降低了可重用性。类似地，高耦合导致类紧密耦合，更改往往不是非局部的，难以更改并减少重用。

我们可以假设一个场景，在这个场景中，我们正在设计一个典型的可监视ConnectionPool，并满足以下需求。注意，对于像ConnectionPool这样的简单类来说，它可能看起来太过了，但基本目的只是用一些简单的示例演示低耦合和高内聚，我认为应该会有所帮助。

支持连接 释放连接 获取有关连接与使用计数的统计数据 获取有关连接和时间的统计数据 将连接检索和发布信息存储到数据库中，以便以后报告。

对于低内聚，我们可以通过将所有功能/职责强制填充到单个类中来设计ConnectionPool类，如下所示。我们可以看到，这个类负责连接管理、与数据库交互以及维护连接统计信息。

有了高内聚性，我们可以在类之间分配这些职责，并使其更可维护和可重用。

To demonstrate Low coupling we will continue with the high cohesion ConnectionPool diagram above. If we look at the above diagram although it supports high cohesion, the ConnectionPool is tightly coupled with ConnectionStatistics class and PersistentStore it interacts with them directly. Instead to reduce the coupling we could introduce a ConnectionListener interface and let these two classes implement the interface and let them register with ConnectionPool class. And the ConnectionPool will iterate through these listeners and notify them of connection get and release events and allows less coupling.

Note/Word or Caution: For this simple scenario it may look like an overkill but if we imagine a real-time scenario where our application needs to interact with multiple third party services to complete a transaction: Directly coupling our code with the third party services would mean that any changes in the third party service could result in changes to our code at multiple places, instead we could have Facade that interacts with these multiple services internally and any changes to the services become local to the Facade and enforce low coupling with the third party services.

简单地说，内聚性表示代码库的一部分在逻辑上形成单个原子单元的程度。另一方面，耦合表示单个单元对其他单元的依赖程度。换句话说，它是两个或多个单元之间的连接数。数量越少，耦合越低。

本质上，高内聚意味着将代码库中相互关联的部分保存在一个地方。同时，低耦合是关于尽可能多地分离代码库中不相关的部分。

从内聚和耦合角度来看的代码类型:

理想是遵循指导方针的代码。它是松散耦合和高度内聚的。我们可以用下图来说明这样的代码:

God Object是引入高内聚和高耦合的结果。它是一种反模式，基本上代表一段一次性完成所有工作的代码: 当不同类或模块之间的边界选择不当时，就会出现选择不当的情况

破坏性解耦是最有趣的一种。当程序员试图解耦代码库时，有时会发生这种情况，以至于代码完全失去了重点:

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