class Aeroplane : IFlyable, IFuelable, IMachine
{ // Aeroplane's Design says:
  // Aeroplane is a flying object
  // Aeroplane can be fueled
  // Aeroplane is a Machine
}
// But the code related to Pilot, or Driver of Aeroplane is not bothered 
// about Machine or Fuel. Hence,
// pilot code:
IFlyable flyingObj = new Aeroplane();
flyingObj.Fly();
// fighter Pilot related code
IFlyable flyingObj2 = new FighterAeroplane();
flyingObj2.Fly();
// UFO related code 
IFlyable ufoObj = new UFO();
ufoObj.Fly();
// **All the 3 Above codes are genaralized using IFlyable,
// Interface Abstraction**
// Fly related code knows how to fly, irrespective of the type of 
// flying object they are.

// Similarly, Fuel related code:
// Fueling an Aeroplane
IFuelable fuelableObj = new Aeroplane();
fuelableObj.FillFuel();
// Fueling a Car
IFuelable fuelableObj2 = new Car(); // class Car : IFuelable { }
fuelableObj2.FillFuel();

// ** Fueling code does not need know what kind of vehicle it is, so far 
// as it can Fill Fuel**

抽象是广义的术语。即封装是抽象的子集。

示例:解决方案架构师是创建整个解决方案的高级抽象技术设计的人，然后将该设计移交给开发团队进行实现。 在这里，解决方案架构师充当抽象，而开发团队充当封装。

举例:用户数据的封装(组网)

图片由

Abstraction (or modularity) – Types enable programmers to think at a higher level than the bit or byte, not bothering with low-level implementation. For example, programmers can begin to think of a string as a set of character values instead of as a mere array of bytes. Higher still, types enable programmers to think about and express interfaces between two of any-sized subsystems. This enables more levels of localization so that the definitions required for interoperability of the subsystems remain consistent when those two subsystems communicate. Source

Java示例

class Aeroplane : IFlyable, IFuelable, IMachine
{ // Aeroplane's Design says:
  // Aeroplane is a flying object
  // Aeroplane can be fueled
  // Aeroplane is a Machine
}
// But the code related to Pilot, or Driver of Aeroplane is not bothered 
// about Machine or Fuel. Hence,
// pilot code:
IFlyable flyingObj = new Aeroplane();
flyingObj.Fly();
// fighter Pilot related code
IFlyable flyingObj2 = new FighterAeroplane();
flyingObj2.Fly();
// UFO related code 
IFlyable ufoObj = new UFO();
ufoObj.Fly();
// **All the 3 Above codes are genaralized using IFlyable,
// Interface Abstraction**
// Fly related code knows how to fly, irrespective of the type of 
// flying object they are.

// Similarly, Fuel related code:
// Fueling an Aeroplane
IFuelable fuelableObj = new Aeroplane();
fuelableObj.FillFuel();
// Fueling a Car
IFuelable fuelableObj2 = new Car(); // class Car : IFuelable { }
fuelableObj2.FillFuel();

// ** Fueling code does not need know what kind of vehicle it is, so far 
// as it can Fill Fuel**

抽象:抽象的意思是显示功能的哪一部分。

封装:封装意味着隐藏功能的How部分。

让我们举一个非常简单的例子

/// <summary>
/// We have an Employee class having two properties EmployeeName and EmployeeCode
/// </summary>
public class Employee
{
    public string EmplpyeeName { get; set; }
    public string EmployeeCode { get; set; }

    // Add new employee to DB is the main functionality, so are making it public so that we can expose it to external environment
    // This is ABSTRACTION
    public void AddEmployee(Employee obj)
    {
        // "Creation of DB connection" and "To check if employee exists" are internal details which we have hide from external environment
        // You can see that these methods are private, external environment just need "What" part only
        CreateDBConnection();
        CheckIfEmployeeExists();
    }


    // ENCAPLUSATION using private keyword
    private bool CheckIfEmployeeExists()
    {
        // Here we can validate if the employee already exists
        return true;
    }

    // ENCAPLUSATION using private keyword
    private void CreateDBConnection()
    {
        // Create DB connection code
    }
}

控制台应用程序程序类

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Employee obj = new Employee();
        obj.EmplpyeeName = "001";
        obj.EmployeeCode = "Raj";

        // We have exposed only what part of the functionality
        obj.AddEmployee(obj);
    }
}

封装把一些东西放在一个盒子里，给你一个窥视孔;这使你从混乱与齿轮。

抽象完全忽略了无关紧要的细节，比如物体是否有齿轮、棘轮、飞轮或核心;他们只是“走了”

封装的例子:

内裤 工具箱 钱包 手提包 胶囊 冷冻carbonite 一个盒子，上面有或没有按钮 一个墨西哥卷饼(严格来说，是卷饼周围的玉米粉圆饼)

抽象的例子:

“一组事物”是一种抽象(我们称之为聚合) “包含其他事物的事物”是一种抽象(我们称之为组合) “容器”是另一种“物装物”的抽象;注意，所有的封装示例都是不同种类的容器，但并不是所有的容器都展示/提供封装。例如，篮子是一种不封装其内容的容器。

上面提供了很多很好的答案，但我将在这里介绍我的(Java)观点。

数据封装简单地说就是包装和控制类中逻辑分组数据的访问。它通常与另一个关键字-数据隐藏相关联。这是在Java中使用访问修饰符实现的。

一个简单的例子是定义一个私有变量，并使用getter和setter方法访问它，或者将一个方法设置为私有，因为它只在类中使用。用户不需要知道这些方法和变量。

注意:不要误解封装只是关于数据隐藏。当我们说封装时，重点应该是将相关数据和行为分组、打包或捆绑在一起。

另一方面，数据抽象是泛化的概念，这样底层的复杂逻辑就不会暴露给用户。在Java中，这是通过使用接口和抽象类实现的。

的例子,

Lets say we have an interface Animal and it has a function makeSound(). There are two concrete classes Dog and Cat that implement this interface. These concrete classes have separate implementations of makeSound() function. Now lets say we have a animal(We get this from some external module). All user knows is that the object that it is receiving is some Animal and it is the users responsibility to print the animal sound. One brute force way is to check the object received to identify it's type, then typecast it to that Animal type and then call makeSound() on it. But a neater way is to abstracts thing out. Use Animal as a polymorphic reference and call makeSound() on it. At runtime depending on what the real Object type is proper function will be invoked.

详情请点击这里。

复杂的逻辑是在电路板中，封装在一个触摸板中，并提供了一个漂亮的界面(按钮)来将其抽象给用户。

附注:以上链接是我的个人博客。