我不同意上面Vanwaril投票最多的回答。

任何代码都会增加复杂性。此外，还必须为此进行测试和文档编制。所以用更少的代码编程总是好的。我的观点是，我对非穷举switch语句使用default子句，而对穷举switch语句不使用default子句。为了确保我做对了，我使用了静态代码分析工具。让我们来详细了解一下:

Nonexhaustive switch statements: Those should always have a default value. As the name suggests those are statements which do not cover all possible values. This also might not be possible, e.g. a switch statement on an integer value or on a String. Here I would like to use the example of Vanwaril (It should be mentioned that I think he used this example to make a wrong suggestion. I use it here to state the opposite --> Use a default statement): switch(keystroke) { case 'w': // move up case 'a': // move left case 's': // move down case 'd': // move right default: // cover all other values of the non-exhaustive switch statement } The player could press any other key. Then we could not do anything (this can be shown in the code just by adding a comment to the default case) or it should for example print something on the screen. This case is relevant as it may happen. Exhaustive switch statements: Those switch statements cover all possible values, e.g. a switch statement on an enumeration of grade system types. When developing code the first time it is easy to cover all values. However, as we are humans there is a small chance to forget some. Additionally if you add an enum value later such that all switch statements have to be adapted to make them exhaustive again opens the path to error hell. The simple solution is a static code analysis tool. The tool should check all switch statements and check if they are exhaustive or if they have a default value. Here an example for an exhaustive switch statement. First we need an enum: public enum GradeSystemType {System1To6, SystemAToD, System0To100} Then we need a variable of this enum like GradeSystemType type = .... An exhaustive switch statement would then look like this: switch(type) { case GradeSystemType.System1To6: // do something case GradeSystemType.SystemAToD: // do something case GradeSystemType.System0To100: // do something } So if we extend the GradeSystemType by for example System1To3 the static code analysis tool should detect that there is no default clause and the switch statement is not exhaustive so we are save.

还有一件事。如果我们总是使用默认子句，那么静态代码分析工具可能无法检测穷尽性或非穷尽性switch语句，因为它总是检测到默认子句。这是非常糟糕的，因为如果我们将枚举扩展为另一个值，并且忘记将其添加到一个switch语句中，我们将不会得到通知。

一些(过时的)指南是这么说的，比如MISRA C:

最后一个默认子句的要求是防御性编程。该条款应采取适当的行动，或包含关于为什么不采取行动的适当评论。

这个建议已经过时了，因为它不是基于目前的相关标准。明显的疏漏是哈兰·卡斯勒说的

省略默认大小写允许编译器在看到未处理的大小写时选择性地发出警告或失败。静态可验证性毕竟比任何动态检查都要好，因此当您也需要动态检查时，这种牺牲是不值得的。

正如Harlan还演示的那样，在切换之后可以重新创建与默认情况相同的功能。当每个情况都是早期返回时，这是微不足道的。

从广义上讲，动态检查的典型需求是输入处理。如果一个值来自程序控制之外，它就不可信。

这也是Misra采取极端防御性编程立场的地方，即只要一个无效值在物理上是可表示的，就必须检查它，无论程序是否可证明是正确的。如果软件需要在出现硬件错误时尽可能地可靠，这是有意义的。但正如Ophir Yoktan所说，大多数软件最好不要“处理”错误。后一种做法有时被称为进攻性编程。

“switch”语句应该总是包含一个默认子句吗?不。它通常应该包含一个默认值。

包含默认子句只有在它需要做某些事情时才有意义，比如断言错误条件或提供默认行为。包括一个“仅仅因为”是狂热的节目，没有任何价值。这相当于说所有的“if”语句都应该包含一个“else”。

下面是一个毫无意义的小例子:

void PrintSign(int i)
{
    switch (Math.Sign(i))
    {
    case 1:
        Console.Write("positive ");
        break;
    case -1:
        Console.Write("negative ");
        break;
    default: // useless
    }
    Console.Write("integer");
}

这相当于:

void PrintSign(int i)
{
    int sgn = Math.Sign(i);
    if (sgn == 1)
        Console.Write("positive ");
    else if (sgn == -1)
        Console.Write("negative ");
    else // also useless
    {
    }
    Console.Write("integer");
}

我不同意上面Vanwaril投票最多的回答。

任何代码都会增加复杂性。此外，还必须为此进行测试和文档编制。所以用更少的代码编程总是好的。我的观点是，我对非穷举switch语句使用default子句，而对穷举switch语句不使用default子句。为了确保我做对了，我使用了静态代码分析工具。让我们来详细了解一下:

Nonexhaustive switch statements: Those should always have a default value. As the name suggests those are statements which do not cover all possible values. This also might not be possible, e.g. a switch statement on an integer value or on a String. Here I would like to use the example of Vanwaril (It should be mentioned that I think he used this example to make a wrong suggestion. I use it here to state the opposite --> Use a default statement): switch(keystroke) { case 'w': // move up case 'a': // move left case 's': // move down case 'd': // move right default: // cover all other values of the non-exhaustive switch statement } The player could press any other key. Then we could not do anything (this can be shown in the code just by adding a comment to the default case) or it should for example print something on the screen. This case is relevant as it may happen. Exhaustive switch statements: Those switch statements cover all possible values, e.g. a switch statement on an enumeration of grade system types. When developing code the first time it is easy to cover all values. However, as we are humans there is a small chance to forget some. Additionally if you add an enum value later such that all switch statements have to be adapted to make them exhaustive again opens the path to error hell. The simple solution is a static code analysis tool. The tool should check all switch statements and check if they are exhaustive or if they have a default value. Here an example for an exhaustive switch statement. First we need an enum: public enum GradeSystemType {System1To6, SystemAToD, System0To100} Then we need a variable of this enum like GradeSystemType type = .... An exhaustive switch statement would then look like this: switch(type) { case GradeSystemType.System1To6: // do something case GradeSystemType.SystemAToD: // do something case GradeSystemType.System0To100: // do something } So if we extend the GradeSystemType by for example System1To3 the static code analysis tool should detect that there is no default clause and the switch statement is not exhaustive so we are save.

还有一件事。如果我们总是使用默认子句，那么静态代码分析工具可能无法检测穷尽性或非穷尽性switch语句，因为它总是检测到默认子句。这是非常糟糕的，因为如果我们将枚举扩展为另一个值，并且忘记将其添加到一个switch语句中，我们将不会得到通知。

在我的公司，我们为航空电子设备和国防市场编写软件，我们总是包含一个默认语句，因为switch语句中的所有情况都必须显式处理(即使它只是一个说“什么都不做”的注释)。我们不能让软件只是行为不端，或者仅仅是在意外值(甚至是我们认为不可能的值)上崩溃。

可以讨论的是，默认情况并不总是必要的，但通过总是需要它，我们的代码分析人员很容易检查它。

至少在Java中它不是强制性的。根据JLS，它说最多可以出现一个违约情况。这意味着任何违约情况都是不可接受的。它有时也取决于你使用switch语句的上下文。例如，在Java中，下面的开关块不需要默认大小写

private static void switch1(String name) {
    switch (name) {
    case "Monday":
        System.out.println("Monday");
        break;
    case "Tuesday":
        System.out.println("Tuesday");
        break;
    }
}

但在下面的方法中，它期望返回一个String，默认大小写可以方便地避免编译错误

    private static String switch2(String name) {
    switch (name) {
    case "Monday":
        System.out.println("Monday");
        return name;

    case "Tuesday":
        System.out.println("Tuesday");
        return name;

    default:
        return name;
    }
}

虽然你可以在没有默认大小写的情况下避免上述方法的编译错误，只需要在最后添加一个return语句，但是提供默认大小写会使它更具可读性。