是否有可能编写一个模板，根据某个成员函数是否定义在类上而改变行为?
下面是我想写的一个简单的例子:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
if (FUNCTION_EXISTS(T->toString))
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
因此，如果类T定义了toString()，那么它就使用它;否则，它就不会。我不知道如何做的神奇部分是“FUNCTION_EXISTS”部分。
当前回答
可能不像其他例子那么好，但这是我为c++ 11想出的。这适用于选择重载方法。
template <typename... Args>
struct Pack {};
#define Proxy(T) ((T &)(*(int *)(nullptr)))
template <typename Class, typename ArgPack, typename = nullptr_t>
struct HasFoo
{
enum { value = false };
};
template <typename Class, typename... Args>
struct HasFoo<
Class,
Pack<Args...>,
decltype((void)(Proxy(Class).foo(Proxy(Args)...)), nullptr)>
{
enum { value = true };
};
示例使用
struct Object
{
int foo(int n) { return n; }
#if SOME_CONDITION
int foo(int n, char c) { return n + c; }
#endif
};
template <bool has_foo_int_char>
struct Dispatcher;
template <>
struct Dispatcher<false>
{
template <typename Object>
static int exec(Object &object, int n, char c)
{
return object.foo(n) + c;
}
};
template <>
struct Dispatcher<true>
{
template <typename Object>
static int exec(Object &object, int n, char c)
{
return object.foo(n, c);
}
};
int runExample()
{
using Args = Pack<int, char>;
enum { has_overload = HasFoo<Object, Args>::value };
Object object;
return Dispatcher<has_overload>::exec(object, 100, 'a');
}
其他回答
我知道这个问题已经存在多年了，但我认为对像我这样的人来说，有一个更完整的更新的答案是有用的，它也适用于const重载方法，如std::vector::begin。
基于这个答案和我接下来的问题，这里有一个更完整的答案。注意，这只适用于c++ 11及更高版本。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
class EmptyClass{};
template <typename T>
class has_begin
{
private:
has_begin() = delete;
struct one { char x[1]; };
struct two { char x[2]; };
template <typename C> static one test( decltype(void(std::declval<C &>().begin())) * ) ;
template <typename C> static two test(...);
public:
static constexpr bool value = sizeof(test<T>(0)) == sizeof(one);
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << "vector<int>::begin() exists: " << has_begin<std::vector<int>>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "EmptyClass::begin() exists: " << has_begin<EmptyClass>::value << std::endl;
return 0;
}
或者更短的版本:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
class EmptyClass{};
template <typename T, typename = void>
struct has_begin : std::false_type {};
template <typename T>
struct has_begin<T, decltype(void(std::declval<T &>().begin()))> : std::true_type {};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << "vector<int>::begin() exists: " << has_begin<std::vector<int>>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "EmptyClass exists: " << has_begin<EmptyClass>::value << std::endl;
}
注意，这里必须提供一个完整的示例调用。这意味着如果我们测试resize方法是否存在，那么我们将输入resize(0)。
深魔解释:
这个问题的第一个答案使用了test(decltype(&C::helloworld));然而，当它所测试的方法由于const重载而模棱两可时，这就有问题了，从而导致替换尝试失败。
为了解决这种模糊性，我们使用了一个void语句，它可以接受任何参数，因为它总是被转换为noop，因此模糊性是无效的，并且只要方法存在，调用就有效:
has_begin<T, decltype(void(std::declval<T &>().begin()))>
以下是依次发生的事情: 我们使用std::declval<T &>()来创建一个可调用值，然后可以调用begin。在此之后，begin的值作为参数传递给void语句。然后使用内置decltype检索该void表达式的类型，以便将其用作模板类型参数。如果begin不存在，则替换无效，根据SFINAE，将使用其他声明。
下面是一些用法片段: *所有这些的核心都在更深处
在给定的类中检查成员x。可以是var, func, class, union或enum:
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(x);
bool has_x = has_member_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员函数void x():
//Func signature MUST have T as template variable here... simpler this way :\
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_SIG_CHECK(x, void (T::*)(), void__x);
bool has_func_sig_void__x = has_member_func_void__x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员变量x:
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(x);
bool has_var_x = has_member_var_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员类x:
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(x);
bool has_class_x = has_member_class_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员工会x:
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(x);
bool has_union_x = has_member_union_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员enum x:
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(x);
bool has_enum_x = has_member_enum_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查任何成员函数x，而不考虑签名:
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK(x);
bool has_any_func_x = has_member_func_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
OR
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECKS(x); //Just stamps out the same macro calls as above.
bool has_any_func_x = has_member_func_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
细节和核心:
/*
- Multiple inheritance forces ambiguity of member names.
- SFINAE is used to make aliases to member names.
- Expression SFINAE is used in just one generic has_member that can accept
any alias we pass it.
*/
//Variadic to force ambiguity of class members. C++11 and up.
template <typename... Args> struct ambiguate : public Args... {};
//Non-variadic version of the line above.
//template <typename A, typename B> struct ambiguate : public A, public B {};
template<typename A, typename = void>
struct got_type : std::false_type {};
template<typename A>
struct got_type<A> : std::true_type {
typedef A type;
};
template<typename T, T>
struct sig_check : std::true_type {};
template<typename Alias, typename AmbiguitySeed>
struct has_member {
template<typename C> static char ((&f(decltype(&C::value))))[1];
template<typename C> static char ((&f(...)))[2];
//Make sure the member name is consistently spelled the same.
static_assert(
(sizeof(f<AmbiguitySeed>(0)) == 1)
, "Member name specified in AmbiguitySeed is different from member name specified in Alias, or wrong Alias/AmbiguitySeed has been specified."
);
static bool const value = sizeof(f<Alias>(0)) == 2;
};
宏(El Diablo!):
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK:
//Check for any member with given name, whether var, func, class, union, enum.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(member) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct Alias_##member; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct Alias_##member < \
T, std::integral_constant<bool, got_type<decltype(&T::member)>::value> \
> { static const decltype(&T::member) value; }; \
\
struct AmbiguitySeed_##member { char member; }; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_##member { \
static const bool value \
= has_member< \
Alias_##member<ambiguate<T, AmbiguitySeed_##member>> \
, Alias_##member<AmbiguitySeed_##member> \
>::value \
; \
}
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK:
//Check for member variable with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(var_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_var_##var_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_var_##var_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, !std::is_member_function_pointer<decltype(&T::var_name)>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_SIG_CHECK:
//Check for member function with given name AND signature.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_SIG_CHECK(func_name, func_sig, templ_postfix) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_func_##templ_postfix : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_func_##templ_postfix< \
T, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, sig_check<func_sig, &T::func_name>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK:
//Check for member class with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(class_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_class_##class_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_class_##class_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, std::is_class< \
typename got_type<typename T::class_name>::type \
>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK:
//Check for member union with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(union_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_union_##union_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_union_##union_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, std::is_union< \
typename got_type<typename T::union_name>::type \
>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK:
//Check for member enum with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(enum_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_enum_##enum_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_enum_##enum_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, std::is_enum< \
typename got_type<typename T::enum_name>::type \
>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK:
//Check for function with given name, any signature.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK(func) \
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_func_##func { \
static const bool value \
= has_member_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_var_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_class_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_union_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_enum_##func<T>::value \
; \
}
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECKS:
//Create all the checks for one member. Does NOT include func sig checks.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_CHECKS(member) \
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK(member)
这是我在c++ 20中发现的最简洁的方法，非常接近你的问题:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
if constexpr (requires { obj->toString(); })
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
在godbolt上观看:https://gcc.godbolt.org/z/5jb1d93Ms
我一直在寻找一个方法，允许以某种方式不绑定结构名has_member类的成员的名字。 实际上，如果lambda可以被允许在未求值的表达式中(这是被标准禁止的)，这将更简单，即has_member<ClassName, SOME_MACRO_WITH_DECLTYPE(member_name)>
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <type_traits>
#define LAMBDA_FOR_MEMBER_NAME(NAME) [](auto object_instance) -> decltype(&(decltype(object_instance)::NAME)) {}
template<typename T>
struct TypeGetter
{
constexpr TypeGetter() = default;
constexpr TypeGetter(T) {}
using type = T;
constexpr auto getValue()
{
return std::declval<type>();
}
};
template<typename T, typename LambdaExpressionT>
struct has_member {
using lambda_prototype = LambdaExpressionT;
//SFINAE
template<class ValueT, class = void>
struct is_void_t_deducable : std::false_type {};
template<class ValueT>
struct is_void_t_deducable<ValueT,
std::void_t<decltype(std::declval<lambda_prototype>()(std::declval<ValueT>()))>> : std::true_type {};
static constexpr bool value = is_void_t_deducable<T>::value;
};
struct SimpleClass
{
int field;
void method() {}
};
int main(void)
{
const auto helpful_lambda = LAMBDA_FOR_MEMBER_NAME(field);
using member_field = decltype(helpful_lambda);
std::cout << has_member<SimpleClass, member_field>::value;
const auto lambda = LAMBDA_FOR_MEMBER_NAME(method);
using member_method = decltype(lambda);
std::cout << has_member<SimpleClass, member_method>::value;
}
可能不像其他例子那么好，但这是我为c++ 11想出的。这适用于选择重载方法。
template <typename... Args>
struct Pack {};
#define Proxy(T) ((T &)(*(int *)(nullptr)))
template <typename Class, typename ArgPack, typename = nullptr_t>
struct HasFoo
{
enum { value = false };
};
template <typename Class, typename... Args>
struct HasFoo<
Class,
Pack<Args...>,
decltype((void)(Proxy(Class).foo(Proxy(Args)...)), nullptr)>
{
enum { value = true };
};
示例使用
struct Object
{
int foo(int n) { return n; }
#if SOME_CONDITION
int foo(int n, char c) { return n + c; }
#endif
};
template <bool has_foo_int_char>
struct Dispatcher;
template <>
struct Dispatcher<false>
{
template <typename Object>
static int exec(Object &object, int n, char c)
{
return object.foo(n) + c;
}
};
template <>
struct Dispatcher<true>
{
template <typename Object>
static int exec(Object &object, int n, char c)
{
return object.foo(n, c);
}
};
int runExample()
{
using Args = Pack<int, char>;
enum { has_overload = HasFoo<Object, Args>::value };
Object object;
return Dispatcher<has_overload>::exec(object, 100, 'a');
}
