是否有可能编写一个模板，根据某个成员函数是否定义在类上而改变行为?
下面是我想写的一个简单的例子:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
if (FUNCTION_EXISTS(T->toString))
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
因此，如果类T定义了toString()，那么它就使用它;否则，它就不会。我不知道如何做的神奇部分是“FUNCTION_EXISTS”部分。
当前回答
虽然这个问题是两年前的事了，但我敢补充我的答案。希望它能澄清之前无可争议的优秀解决方案。我采纳了Nicola Bonelli和Johannes Schaub非常有用的答案，并将它们合并到一个解决方案中，恕我之言，这个解决方案更易于阅读，更清晰，不需要扩展类型:
template <class Type>
class TypeHasToString
{
// This type won't compile if the second template parameter isn't of type T,
// so I can put a function pointer type in the first parameter and the function
// itself in the second thus checking that the function has a specific signature.
template <typename T, T> struct TypeCheck;
typedef char Yes;
typedef long No;
// A helper struct to hold the declaration of the function pointer.
// Change it if the function signature changes.
template <typename T> struct ToString
{
typedef void (T::*fptr)();
};
template <typename T> static Yes HasToString(TypeCheck< typename ToString<T>::fptr, &T::toString >*);
template <typename T> static No HasToString(...);
public:
static bool const value = (sizeof(HasToString<Type>(0)) == sizeof(Yes));
};
我用gcc 4.1.2检查了它。 这主要归功于尼古拉·博内利和约翰内斯·绍布，如果我的回答对你有帮助，请给他们投票:)
其他回答
下面是一些用法片段: *所有这些的核心都在更深处
在给定的类中检查成员x。可以是var, func, class, union或enum:
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(x);
bool has_x = has_member_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员函数void x():
//Func signature MUST have T as template variable here... simpler this way :\
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_SIG_CHECK(x, void (T::*)(), void__x);
bool has_func_sig_void__x = has_member_func_void__x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员变量x:
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(x);
bool has_var_x = has_member_var_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员类x:
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(x);
bool has_class_x = has_member_class_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员工会x:
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(x);
bool has_union_x = has_member_union_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员enum x:
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(x);
bool has_enum_x = has_member_enum_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查任何成员函数x，而不考虑签名:
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK(x);
bool has_any_func_x = has_member_func_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
OR
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECKS(x); //Just stamps out the same macro calls as above.
bool has_any_func_x = has_member_func_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
细节和核心:
/*
- Multiple inheritance forces ambiguity of member names.
- SFINAE is used to make aliases to member names.
- Expression SFINAE is used in just one generic has_member that can accept
any alias we pass it.
*/
//Variadic to force ambiguity of class members. C++11 and up.
template <typename... Args> struct ambiguate : public Args... {};
//Non-variadic version of the line above.
//template <typename A, typename B> struct ambiguate : public A, public B {};
template<typename A, typename = void>
struct got_type : std::false_type {};
template<typename A>
struct got_type<A> : std::true_type {
typedef A type;
};
template<typename T, T>
struct sig_check : std::true_type {};
template<typename Alias, typename AmbiguitySeed>
struct has_member {
template<typename C> static char ((&f(decltype(&C::value))))[1];
template<typename C> static char ((&f(...)))[2];
//Make sure the member name is consistently spelled the same.
static_assert(
(sizeof(f<AmbiguitySeed>(0)) == 1)
, "Member name specified in AmbiguitySeed is different from member name specified in Alias, or wrong Alias/AmbiguitySeed has been specified."
);
static bool const value = sizeof(f<Alias>(0)) == 2;
};
宏(El Diablo!):
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK:
//Check for any member with given name, whether var, func, class, union, enum.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(member) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct Alias_##member; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct Alias_##member < \
T, std::integral_constant<bool, got_type<decltype(&T::member)>::value> \
> { static const decltype(&T::member) value; }; \
\
struct AmbiguitySeed_##member { char member; }; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_##member { \
static const bool value \
= has_member< \
Alias_##member<ambiguate<T, AmbiguitySeed_##member>> \
, Alias_##member<AmbiguitySeed_##member> \
>::value \
; \
}
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK:
//Check for member variable with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(var_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_var_##var_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_var_##var_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, !std::is_member_function_pointer<decltype(&T::var_name)>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_SIG_CHECK:
//Check for member function with given name AND signature.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_SIG_CHECK(func_name, func_sig, templ_postfix) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_func_##templ_postfix : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_func_##templ_postfix< \
T, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, sig_check<func_sig, &T::func_name>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK:
//Check for member class with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(class_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_class_##class_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_class_##class_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, std::is_class< \
typename got_type<typename T::class_name>::type \
>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK:
//Check for member union with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(union_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_union_##union_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_union_##union_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, std::is_union< \
typename got_type<typename T::union_name>::type \
>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK:
//Check for member enum with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(enum_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_enum_##enum_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_enum_##enum_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, std::is_enum< \
typename got_type<typename T::enum_name>::type \
>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK:
//Check for function with given name, any signature.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK(func) \
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_func_##func { \
static const bool value \
= has_member_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_var_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_class_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_union_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_enum_##func<T>::value \
; \
}
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECKS:
//Create all the checks for one member. Does NOT include func sig checks.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_CHECKS(member) \
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK(member)
c++ 20 -需要表达式
c++ 20带来了一些概念和各种工具，比如require表达式，这是一种检查函数是否存在的内置方式。有了它们，你可以重写optionalToString函数如下:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
constexpr bool has_toString = requires(const T& t) {
t.toString();
};
if constexpr (has_toString)
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
pre - c++ 20 -检测工具包
N4502 proposes a detection toolkit for inclusion into the C++17 standard library that eventually made it into the library fundamentals TS v2. It most likely won't ever get into the standard because it has been subsumed by requires expressions since, but it still solves the problem in a somewhat elegant manner. The toolkit introduces some metafunctions, including std::is_detected which can be used to easily write type or function detection metafunctions on the top of it. Here is how you could use it:
template<typename T>
using toString_t = decltype( std::declval<T&>().toString() );
template<typename T>
constexpr bool has_toString = std::is_detected_v<toString_t, T>;
注意，上面的例子是未经测试的。标准库中还没有检测工具包，但建议包含了一个完整的实现，如果您确实需要它，可以很容易地复制它。它可以很好地使用c++ 17的特性，如果constexpr:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
if constexpr (has_toString<T>)
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
C++14 - 助推哈娜
提振。Hana显然建立在这个特定的例子之上，并在其文档中提供了c++ 14的解决方案，所以我将直接引用它:
[...] Hana provides a is_valid function that can be combined with C++14 generic lambdas to obtain a much cleaner implementation of the same thing: auto has_toString = hana::is_valid([](auto&& obj) -> decltype(obj.toString()) { }); This leaves us with a function object has_toString which returns whether the given expression is valid on the argument we pass to it. The result is returned as an IntegralConstant, so constexpr-ness is not an issue here because the result of the function is represented as a type anyway. Now, in addition to being less verbose (that's a one liner!), the intent is much clearer. Other benefits are the fact that has_toString can be passed to higher order algorithms and it can also be defined at function scope, so there is no need to pollute the namespace scope with implementation details.
提振。创科实业
执行这种检查的另一个惯用工具包是Boost，尽管它没有那么优雅。TTI，在Boost 1.54 4.0中引入。对于您的示例，您必须使用宏BOOST_TTI_HAS_MEMBER_FUNCTION。下面是你如何使用它:
#include <boost/tti/has_member_function.hpp>
// Generate the metafunction
BOOST_TTI_HAS_MEMBER_FUNCTION(toString)
// Check whether T has a member function toString
// which takes no parameter and returns a std::string
constexpr bool foo = has_member_function_toString<T, std::string>::value;
然后，您可以使用bool来创建SFINAE检查。
解释
宏BOOST_TTI_HAS_MEMBER_FUNCTION生成元函数has_member_function_toString，该函数将选中的类型作为其第一个模板参数。第二个模板形参对应于成员函数的返回类型，下面的形参对应于函数形参的类型。如果类T有成员函数std::string toString()，则成员值为true。
或者，has_member_function_toString可以接受成员函数指针作为模板形参。因此，可以将has_member_function_toString<T, std::string>::value替换为has_member_function_toString<std::string T::* ()>::value。
泛型模板，用于检查类型是否支持某些“特性”:
#include <type_traits>
template <template <typename> class TypeChecker, typename Type>
struct is_supported
{
// these structs are used to recognize which version
// of the two functions was chosen during overload resolution
struct supported {};
struct not_supported {};
// this overload of chk will be ignored by SFINAE principle
// if TypeChecker<Type_> is invalid type
template <typename Type_>
static supported chk(typename std::decay<TypeChecker<Type_>>::type *);
// ellipsis has the lowest conversion rank, so this overload will be
// chosen during overload resolution only if the template overload above is ignored
template <typename Type_>
static not_supported chk(...);
// if the template overload of chk is chosen during
// overload resolution then the feature is supported
// if the ellipses overload is chosen the the feature is not supported
static constexpr bool value = std::is_same<decltype(chk<Type>(nullptr)),supported>::value;
};
检查方法foo是否与signature double兼容的模板(const char*)
// if T doesn't have foo method with the signature that allows to compile the bellow
// expression then instantiating this template is Substitution Failure (SF)
// which Is Not An Error (INAE) if this happens during overload resolution
template <typename T>
using has_foo = decltype(double(std::declval<T>().foo(std::declval<const char*>())));
例子
// types that support has_foo
struct struct1 { double foo(const char*); }; // exact signature match
struct struct2 { int foo(const std::string &str); }; // compatible signature
struct struct3 { float foo(...); }; // compatible ellipsis signature
struct struct4 { template <typename T>
int foo(T t); }; // compatible template signature
// types that do not support has_foo
struct struct5 { void foo(const char*); }; // returns void
struct struct6 { std::string foo(const char*); }; // std::string can't be converted to double
struct struct7 { double foo( int *); }; // const char* can't be converted to int*
struct struct8 { double bar(const char*); }; // there is no foo method
int main()
{
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, int >::value << std::endl; // false
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, double >::value << std::endl; // false
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct1>::value << std::endl; // true
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct2>::value << std::endl; // true
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct3>::value << std::endl; // true
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct4>::value << std::endl; // true
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct5>::value << std::endl; // false
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct6>::value << std::endl; // false
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct7>::value << std::endl; // false
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct8>::value << std::endl; // false
return 0;
}
http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/83c6a631ed42cea4
可能不像其他例子那么好，但这是我为c++ 11想出的。这适用于选择重载方法。
template <typename... Args>
struct Pack {};
#define Proxy(T) ((T &)(*(int *)(nullptr)))
template <typename Class, typename ArgPack, typename = nullptr_t>
struct HasFoo
{
enum { value = false };
};
template <typename Class, typename... Args>
struct HasFoo<
Class,
Pack<Args...>,
decltype((void)(Proxy(Class).foo(Proxy(Args)...)), nullptr)>
{
enum { value = true };
};
示例使用
struct Object
{
int foo(int n) { return n; }
#if SOME_CONDITION
int foo(int n, char c) { return n + c; }
#endif
};
template <bool has_foo_int_char>
struct Dispatcher;
template <>
struct Dispatcher<false>
{
template <typename Object>
static int exec(Object &object, int n, char c)
{
return object.foo(n) + c;
}
};
template <>
struct Dispatcher<true>
{
template <typename Object>
static int exec(Object &object, int n, char c)
{
return object.foo(n, c);
}
};
int runExample()
{
using Args = Pack<int, char>;
enum { has_overload = HasFoo<Object, Args>::value };
Object object;
return Dispatcher<has_overload>::exec(object, 100, 'a');
}
MSVC有__if_exists和__if_not_exists关键字(Doc)。连同Nicola的typef - sfinae方法，我可以创建一个检查GCC和MSVC，就像OP所寻找的那样。
更新:来源可以在这里找到
