是否有可能编写一个模板,根据某个成员函数是否定义在类上而改变行为?

下面是我想写的一个简单的例子:

template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
    if (FUNCTION_EXISTS(T->toString))
        return obj->toString();
    else
        return "toString not defined";
}

因此,如果类T定义了toString(),那么它就使用它;否则,它就不会。我不知道如何做的神奇部分是“FUNCTION_EXISTS”部分。


当前回答

这就是类型特征存在的意义。不幸的是,它们必须手动定义。在你的情况下,想象一下:

template <typename T>
struct response_trait {
    static bool const has_tostring = false;
};

template <>
struct response_trait<your_type_with_tostring> {
    static bool const has_tostring = true;
}

其他回答

我修改了https://stackoverflow.com/a/264088/2712152中提供的解决方案,使其更加通用。此外,由于它不使用任何新的c++ 11特性,我们可以将它与旧的编译器一起使用,并且应该也可以与msvc一起使用。但是编译器应该允许C99使用这个,因为它使用可变宏。

下面的宏可用于检查特定类是否具有特定类型定义。

/** 
 * @class      : HAS_TYPEDEF
 * @brief      : This macro will be used to check if a class has a particular
 * typedef or not.
 * @param typedef_name : Name of Typedef
 * @param name  : Name of struct which is going to be run the test for
 * the given particular typedef specified in typedef_name
 */
#define HAS_TYPEDEF(typedef_name, name)                           \
   template <typename T>                                          \
   struct name {                                                  \
      typedef char yes[1];                                        \
      typedef char no[2];                                         \
      template <typename U>                                       \
      struct type_check;                                          \
      template <typename _1>                                      \
      static yes& chk(type_check<typename _1::typedef_name>*);    \
      template <typename>                                         \
      static no& chk(...);                                        \
      static bool const value = sizeof(chk<T>(0)) == sizeof(yes); \
   }

下面的宏可以用来检查一个特定的类是否有一个特定的成员函数,是否有给定数量的参数。

/** 
 * @class      : HAS_MEM_FUNC
 * @brief      : This macro will be used to check if a class has a particular
 * member function implemented in the public section or not. 
 * @param func : Name of Member Function
 * @param name : Name of struct which is going to be run the test for
 * the given particular member function name specified in func
 * @param return_type: Return type of the member function
 * @param ellipsis(...) : Since this is macro should provide test case for every
 * possible member function we use variadic macros to cover all possibilities
 */
#define HAS_MEM_FUNC(func, name, return_type, ...)                \
   template <typename T>                                          \
   struct name {                                                  \
      typedef return_type (T::*Sign)(__VA_ARGS__);                \
      typedef char yes[1];                                        \
      typedef char no[2];                                         \
      template <typename U, U>                                    \
      struct type_check;                                          \
      template <typename _1>                                      \
      static yes& chk(type_check<Sign, &_1::func>*);              \
      template <typename>                                         \
      static no& chk(...);                                        \
      static bool const value = sizeof(chk<T>(0)) == sizeof(yes); \
   }

我们可以使用上面的两个宏来检查has_typedef和has_mem_func:

class A {
public:
  typedef int check;
  void check_function() {}
};

class B {
public:
  void hello(int a, double b) {}
  void hello() {}
};

HAS_MEM_FUNC(check_function, has_check_function, void, void);
HAS_MEM_FUNC(hello, hello_check, void, int, double);
HAS_MEM_FUNC(hello, hello_void_check, void, void);
HAS_TYPEDEF(check, has_typedef_check);

int main() {
  std::cout << "Check Function A:" << has_check_function<A>::value << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Check Function B:" << has_check_function<B>::value << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Hello Function A:" << hello_check<A>::value << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Hello Function B:" << hello_check<B>::value << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Hello void Function A:" << hello_void_check<A>::value << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Hello void Function B:" << hello_void_check<B>::value << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Check Typedef A:" << has_typedef_check<A>::value << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Check Typedef B:" << has_typedef_check<B>::value << std::endl;
}

虽然这个问题是两年前的事了,但我敢补充我的答案。希望它能澄清之前无可争议的优秀解决方案。我采纳了Nicola Bonelli和Johannes Schaub非常有用的答案,并将它们合并到一个解决方案中,恕我之言,这个解决方案更易于阅读,更清晰,不需要扩展类型:

template <class Type>
class TypeHasToString
{
    // This type won't compile if the second template parameter isn't of type T,
    // so I can put a function pointer type in the first parameter and the function
    // itself in the second thus checking that the function has a specific signature.
    template <typename T, T> struct TypeCheck;

    typedef char Yes;
    typedef long No;

    // A helper struct to hold the declaration of the function pointer.
    // Change it if the function signature changes.
    template <typename T> struct ToString
    {
        typedef void (T::*fptr)();
    };

    template <typename T> static Yes HasToString(TypeCheck< typename ToString<T>::fptr, &T::toString >*);
    template <typename T> static No  HasToString(...);

public:
    static bool const value = (sizeof(HasToString<Type>(0)) == sizeof(Yes));
};

我用gcc 4.1.2检查了它。 这主要归功于尼古拉·博内利和约翰内斯·绍布,如果我的回答对你有帮助,请给他们投票:)

我一直在寻找一个方法,允许以某种方式不绑定结构名has_member类的成员的名字。 实际上,如果lambda可以被允许在未求值的表达式中(这是被标准禁止的),这将更简单,即has_member<ClassName, SOME_MACRO_WITH_DECLTYPE(member_name)>

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <type_traits>

#define LAMBDA_FOR_MEMBER_NAME(NAME) [](auto object_instance) -> decltype(&(decltype(object_instance)::NAME)) {}

template<typename T>
struct TypeGetter
{
    constexpr TypeGetter() = default;
    constexpr TypeGetter(T) {}
    using type = T;

    constexpr auto getValue()
    {
        return std::declval<type>();
    }
};

template<typename T, typename LambdaExpressionT>
struct has_member {
    using lambda_prototype = LambdaExpressionT;

    //SFINAE
    template<class ValueT, class = void>
    struct is_void_t_deducable : std::false_type {};

    template<class ValueT>
    struct is_void_t_deducable<ValueT,
        std::void_t<decltype(std::declval<lambda_prototype>()(std::declval<ValueT>()))>> : std::true_type {};

    static constexpr bool value = is_void_t_deducable<T>::value;
};

struct SimpleClass
{
    int field;
    void method() {}
};

int main(void)
{   
    const auto helpful_lambda = LAMBDA_FOR_MEMBER_NAME(field);
    using member_field = decltype(helpful_lambda);
    std::cout << has_member<SimpleClass, member_field>::value;

    const auto lambda = LAMBDA_FOR_MEMBER_NAME(method);
    using member_method = decltype(lambda);
    std::cout << has_member<SimpleClass, member_method>::value;
    
}

是的,使用SFINAE您可以检查给定的类是否提供了特定的方法。下面是工作代码:

#include <iostream>

struct Hello
{
    int helloworld() { return 0; }
};

struct Generic {};    

// SFINAE test
template <typename T>
class has_helloworld
{
    typedef char one;
    struct two { char x[2]; };

    template <typename C> static one test( decltype(&C::helloworld) ) ;
    template <typename C> static two test(...);    

public:
    enum { value = sizeof(test<T>(0)) == sizeof(char) };
};
    
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    std::cout << has_helloworld<Hello>::value << std::endl;
    std::cout << has_helloworld<Generic>::value << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

我刚刚用Linux和gcc 4.1/4.3测试了它。我不知道它是否可以移植到运行不同编译器的其他平台。

下面是我的版本,它可以任意处理所有可能的成员函数重载,包括模板成员函数,可能带有默认实参。当成员函数调用某个类类型时,它区分了3种互斥的情况,给定的arg类型:(1)有效,或(2)模糊,或(3)不可用。使用示例:

#include <string>
#include <vector>

HAS_MEM(bar)
HAS_MEM_FUN_CALL(bar)

struct test
{
   void bar(int);
   void bar(double);
   void bar(int,double);

   template < typename T >
   typename std::enable_if< not std::is_integral<T>::value >::type
   bar(const T&, int=0){}

   template < typename T >
   typename std::enable_if< std::is_integral<T>::value >::type
   bar(const std::vector<T>&, T*){}

   template < typename T >
   int bar(const std::string&, int){}
};

现在你可以这样使用它:

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
   static_assert( has_mem_bar<test>::value , "");

   static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(char const*,long)>::value , "");
   static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::string&,long)>::value , "");

   static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::vector<int>, int*)>::value , "");
   static_assert( has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::vector<double>, double*)>::value , "");

   static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::value , "");
   static_assert( std::is_same<void,result_of_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::type>::value , "");

   static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int,double)>::value , "");
   static_assert( not has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int,double,int)>::value , "");

   static_assert( not has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_bar<test(double)>::value , "");
   static_assert( has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_bar<test(unsigned)>::value , "");

   static_assert( has_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(unsigned)>::value , "");
   static_assert( has_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::value , "");

   static_assert( has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(void)>::value , "");

   return 0;
}

下面是用c++11编写的代码,但是,你可以很容易地将它移植到具有typeof扩展的非c++11(例如gcc)。你可以用你自己的宏替换HAS_MEM宏。

#pragma once

#if __cplusplus >= 201103

#include <utility>
#include <type_traits>

#define HAS_MEM(mem)                                                                                     \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename T >                                                                               \
struct has_mem_##mem                                                                                  \
{                                                                                                     \
  struct yes {};                                                                                     \
  struct no  {};                                                                                     \
                                                                                                     \
  struct ambiguate_seed { char mem; };                                                               \
  template < typename U > struct ambiguate : U, ambiguate_seed {};                                   \
                                                                                                     \
  template < typename U, typename = decltype(&U::mem) > static constexpr no  test(int);              \
  template < typename                                 > static constexpr yes test(...);              \
                                                                                                     \
  static bool constexpr value = std::is_same<decltype(test< ambiguate<T> >(0)),yes>::value ;         \
  typedef std::integral_constant<bool,value>    type;                                                \
};


#define HAS_MEM_FUN_CALL(memfun)                                                                         \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename Signature >                                                                       \
struct has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun;                                                               \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename T, typename... Args >                                                             \
struct has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) >                                                  \
{                                                                                                     \
  struct yes {};                                                                                     \
  struct no  {};                                                                                     \
                                                                                                     \
  template < typename U, bool = has_mem_##memfun<U>::value >                                         \
  struct impl                                                                                        \
  {                                                                                                  \
     template < typename V, typename = decltype(std::declval<V>().memfun(std::declval<Args>()...)) > \
     struct test_result { using type = yes; };                                                       \
                                                                                                     \
     template < typename V > static constexpr typename test_result<V>::type test(int);               \
     template < typename   > static constexpr                            no test(...);               \
                                                                                                     \
     static constexpr bool value = std::is_same<decltype(test<U>(0)),yes>::value;                    \
     using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>;                                               \
  };                                                                                                 \
                                                                                                     \
  template < typename U >                                                                            \
  struct impl<U,false> : std::false_type {};                                                         \
                                                                                                     \
  static constexpr bool value = impl<T>::value;                                                      \
  using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>;                                                  \
};                                                                                                    \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename Signature >                                                                       \
struct has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun;                                                           \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename T, typename... Args >                                                             \
struct has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) >                                              \
{                                                                                                     \
  struct ambiguate_seed { void memfun(...); };                                                       \
                                                                                                     \
  template < class U, bool = has_mem_##memfun<U>::value >                                            \
  struct ambiguate : U, ambiguate_seed                                                               \
  {                                                                                                  \
    using ambiguate_seed::memfun;                                                                    \
    using U::memfun;                                                                                 \
  };                                                                                                 \
                                                                                                     \
  template < class U >                                                                               \
  struct ambiguate<U,false> : ambiguate_seed {};                                                     \
                                                                                                     \
  static constexpr bool value = not has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun< ambiguate<T>(Args...) >::value; \
  using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>;                                                  \
};                                                                                                    \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename Signature >                                                                       \
struct has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun;                                                              \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename T, typename... Args >                                                             \
struct has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) >                                                 \
{                                                                                                     \
  static constexpr bool value = has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value                   \
                             or has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value;              \
  using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>;                                                  \
};                                                                                                    \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename Signature >                                                                       \
struct has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun;                                                           \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename T, typename... Args >                                                             \
struct has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun < T(Args...) >                                             \
{                                                                                                     \
  static constexpr bool value = not has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value;             \
  using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>;                                                  \
};                                                                                                    \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename Signature >                                                                       \
struct result_of_mem_fun_call_##memfun;                                                               \
                                                                                                     \
template < typename T, typename... Args >                                                             \
struct result_of_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) >                                                  \
{                                                                                                     \
  using type = decltype(std::declval<T>().memfun(std::declval<Args>()...));                          \
};

#endif