在c++动态内存分配的上下文中,我听说过几次“内存碎片”这个术语。我发现了一些关于如何处理内存碎片的问题,但找不到一个直接处理它本身的问题。所以:
什么是内存碎片?
如何判断内存碎片是否是我的应用程序的一个问题?什么样的程序最可能受到影响?
处理内存碎片的常用方法是什么?
另外:
我听说经常使用动态分配会增加内存碎片。这是真的吗?在c++环境中,我知道所有的标准容器(std::string, std::vector等)都使用动态内存分配。如果在整个程序中使用这些(特别是std::string),内存碎片更可能是一个问题吗?
在stl较多的应用程序中如何处理内存碎片?
什么是内存碎片?
Memory fragmentation is the problem of memory becoming unusable even though it is theoretically available. There are two kinds of fragmentation: internal fragmentation is memory that is allocated but cannot be used (e.g. when memory is allocated in 8 byte chunks but the program repeatedly does single allocations when it needs only 4 bytes). external fragmentation is the problem of free memory becoming divided into many small chunks so that large allocation requests cannot be met although there is enough overall free memory.
如何判断内存碎片是否是我的应用程序的一个问题?什么样的程序最可能受到影响?
如果您的程序使用的系统内存远远超过其实际有效负载数据所需的内存(并且您已经排除了内存泄漏),那么内存碎片就是一个问题。
处理内存碎片的常用方法是什么?
使用一个好的内存分配器。在IIRC中,那些使用“最佳匹配”策略的人通常在避免碎片化方面要出色得多,只是速度稍慢一些。然而,事实也表明,对于任何配置策略,都存在病态的最坏情况。幸运的是,对于分配器来说,大多数应用程序的典型分配模式实际上是相对友好的。如果你对细节感兴趣,这里有一堆文件:
Paul R. Wilson, Mark S. Johnstone, Michael Neely and David Boles. Dynamic Storage Allocation: A Survey and Critical Review. In Proceedings of the 1995
International Workshop on Memory Management, Springer Verlag LNCS, 1995
Mark S.Johnstone, Paul R. Wilson. The Memory Fragmentation Problem: Solved?
In ACM SIG-PLAN Notices, volume 34 No. 3, pages 26-36, 1999
M.R. Garey, R.L. Graham and J.D. Ullman. Worst-Case analysis of memory allocation algorithms. In Fourth Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing, 1972
内存碎片是因为请求不同大小的内存块。考虑一个100字节的缓冲区。您请求两个字符,然后是一个整数。现在释放这两个字符,然后请求一个新的整数——但是这个整数不能容纳这两个字符的空间。该内存不能被重用,因为它不在一个足够大的连续块中,无法重新分配。除此之外,还为字符调用了大量分配器开销。
从本质上讲,在大多数系统上,内存只以一定大小的块形式存在。一旦你把这些块分开,它们不能重新连接,直到整个块被释放。这可能导致整个区块都在使用,而实际上只有一小部分区块在使用。
The primary way to reduce heap fragmentation is to make larger, less frequent allocations. In the extreme, you can use a managed heap that is capable of moving objects, at least, within your own code. This completely eliminates the problem - from a memory perspective, anyway. Obviously moving objects and such has a cost. In reality, you only really have a problem if you are allocating very small amounts off the heap often. Using contiguous containers (vector, string, etc) and allocating on the stack as much as humanly possible (always a good idea for performance) is the best way to reduce it. This also increases cache coherence, which makes your application run faster.
您应该记住的是,在一个32位x86桌面系统上,您有一个完整的2GB内存,它被分割成4KB的“页”(非常确定所有x86系统上的页大小是相同的)。您将不得不调用一些omgwtfbbq片段来解决问题。碎片确实是过去的一个问题,因为现代堆对于绝大多数应用程序来说都太大了,而且有一些流行的系统能够承受它,比如托管堆。
当你想在堆上添加一项时,会发生的事情是计算机必须搜索空间来容纳该项。这就是为什么动态分配不在内存池上执行或使用池分配程序会“减慢”速度的原因。对于一个沉重的STL应用程序,如果你正在做多线程,有囤积分配器或TBB英特尔版本。
现在,当内存碎片化时,会发生两件事:
There will have to be more searches to find a good space to stick "large" objects. That is, with many small objects scattered about finding a nice contigous chunk of memory could under certain conditions be difficult (these are extreme.)
Memory is not some easily read entity. Processors are limited to how much they can hold and where. They do this by swapping pages if an item they need is one place but the current addresses are another. If you are constantly having to swap pages, processing can slow down (again, extreme scenarios where this impacts performance.) See this posting on virtual memory.