另一种选择是使用依赖注入。

class A{
   B b;

   A(B b) {
      this.b = b;
   }
}

This removes the responsibility of creating the B object from the constructor of A. This will make your code more testable and easier to maintain in the long run. The idea is to reduce the coupling between the two classes A and B. A benefit that this gives you is that you can now pass any object that extends B (or implements B if it is an interface) to A's constructor and it will work. One disadvantage is that you give up encapsulation of the B object, so it is exposed to the caller of the A constructor. You'll have to consider if the benefits are worth this trade-off, but in many cases they are.

我个人的“原则”(几乎从未被打破)是:

的开头声明所有变量 一块 使所有变量为final，除非它们 不能 每行声明一个变量 永远不要在某处初始化变量 宣布 只初始化a中的东西 构造函数时使用 的构造函数 初始化

我的代码是这样的:

public class X
{
    public static final int USED_AS_A_CASE_LABEL = 1; // only exception - the compiler makes me
    private static final int A;
    private final int b;
    private int c;

    static 
    { 
        A = 42; 
    }

    {
        b = 7;
    }

    public X(final int val)
    {
        c = val;
    }

    public void foo(final boolean f)
    {
        final int d;
        final int e;

        d = 7;

        // I will eat my own eyes before using ?: - personal taste.
        if(f)
        {
            e = 1;
        }
        else
        {
            e = 2;
        }
    }
}

This way I am always 100% certain where to look for variables declarations (at the start of a block), and their assignments (as soon as it makes sense after the declaration). This winds up potentially being more efficient as well since you never initialize a variable with a value that is not used (for example declare and init vars and then throw an exception before half of those vars needed to have a value). You also do not wind up doing pointless initialization (like int i = 0; and then later on, before "i" is used, do i = 5;.

我非常重视一致性，所以遵循这个“规则”是我一直在做的事情，它使处理代码变得更容易，因为你不需要到处寻找东西。

你的里程可能会有所不同。

另一种选择是使用依赖注入。

class A{
   B b;

   A(B b) {
      this.b = b;
   }
}

This removes the responsibility of creating the B object from the constructor of A. This will make your code more testable and easier to maintain in the long run. The idea is to reduce the coupling between the two classes A and B. A benefit that this gives you is that you can now pass any object that extends B (or implements B if it is an interface) to A's constructor and it will work. One disadvantage is that you give up encapsulation of the B object, so it is exposed to the caller of the A constructor. You'll have to consider if the benefits are worth this trade-off, but in many cases they are.

没有区别——实例变量初始化实际上是由编译器放在构造函数中。 第一个变体可读性更强。 你不能对第一个变体进行异常处理。 另外还有初始化块，它也由编译器放在构造函数中: { a =新a (); ｝

检查孙的解释和建议

在本教程中:

但是，字段声明不是任何方法的一部分，因此它们不能像语句那样被执行。相反，Java编译器自动生成实例字段初始化代码，并将其放入类的构造函数中。初始化代码按照在源代码中出现的顺序插入构造函数，这意味着字段初始化器可以使用在它之前声明的字段的初始值。

此外，您可能希望惰性地初始化字段。如果初始化字段是一个昂贵的操作，你可以在需要的时候立即初始化它:

ExpensiveObject o;

public ExpensiveObject getExpensiveObject() {
    if (o == null) {
        o = new ExpensiveObject();
    }
    return o;
}

最后(正如Bill所指出的)，为了依赖管理，最好避免在类中的任何地方使用new操作符。相反，使用依赖注入更可取——即让其他人(另一个类/框架)实例化并注入你的类中的依赖项。

例2不太灵活。如果您添加了另一个构造函数，则需要记住在该构造函数中实例化字段。直接实例化字段，或者在getter中引入延迟加载。

如果实例化需要的不仅仅是一个简单的new，请使用初始化块。不管使用的构造函数是什么，这个函数都将运行。如。

public class A {
    private Properties properties;

    {
        try {
            properties = new Properties();
            properties.load(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("file.properties"));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new ConfigurationException("Failed to load properties file.", e); // It's a subclass of RuntimeException.
        }
    }

    // ...

}

使用依赖注入或延迟初始化总是更可取的，已经在其他回答中详细解释过了。

当你不想或不能使用这些模式时，对于基元数据类型，有三个令人信服的原因，我可以想到为什么最好在构造函数之外初始化类属性:

避免重复=如果你有多个构造函数，或者当你需要添加更多构造函数时，你将不必在所有构造函数体中重复初始化; 改进的可读性=你可以很容易地从类外部判断哪些变量需要初始化; 减少代码行数=在声明时每执行一次初始化，构造函数中就会减少一行。