There is one more subtle reason to initialize outside the constructor that no one has mentioned before (very specific I must say). If you are using UML tools to generate class diagrams from the code (reverse engineering), most of the tools I believe will note the initialization of Example 1 and will transfer it to a diagram (if you prefer it to show the initial values, like I do). They will not take these initial values from Example 2. Again, this is a very specific reason - if you are working with UML tools, but once I learned that, I am trying to take all my default values outside of constructor unless, as was mentioned before, there is an issue of possible exception throwing or complicated logic.

没有区别——实例变量初始化实际上是由编译器放在构造函数中。 第一个变体可读性更强。 你不能对第一个变体进行异常处理。 另外还有初始化块，它也由编译器放在构造函数中: { a =新a (); ｝

检查孙的解释和建议

在本教程中:

但是，字段声明不是任何方法的一部分，因此它们不能像语句那样被执行。相反，Java编译器自动生成实例字段初始化代码，并将其放入类的构造函数中。初始化代码按照在源代码中出现的顺序插入构造函数，这意味着字段初始化器可以使用在它之前声明的字段的初始值。

此外，您可能希望惰性地初始化字段。如果初始化字段是一个昂贵的操作，你可以在需要的时候立即初始化它:

ExpensiveObject o;

public ExpensiveObject getExpensiveObject() {
    if (o == null) {
        o = new ExpensiveObject();
    }
    return o;
}

最后(正如Bill所指出的)，为了依赖管理，最好避免在类中的任何地方使用new操作符。相反，使用依赖注入更可取——即让其他人(另一个类/框架)实例化并注入你的类中的依赖项。

其实很不一样:

声明发生在构建之前。因此，如果在两个位置都初始化了变量(本例中为b)，构造函数的初始化将取代在类级别所做的初始化。

所以在类级别声明变量，在构造函数中初始化它们。

例2不太灵活。如果您添加了另一个构造函数，则需要记住在该构造函数中实例化字段。直接实例化字段，或者在getter中引入延迟加载。

如果实例化需要的不仅仅是一个简单的new，请使用初始化块。不管使用的构造函数是什么，这个函数都将运行。如。

public class A {
    private Properties properties;

    {
        try {
            properties = new Properties();
            properties.load(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("file.properties"));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new ConfigurationException("Failed to load properties file.", e); // It's a subclass of RuntimeException.
        }
    }

    // ...

}

There is one more subtle reason to initialize outside the constructor that no one has mentioned before (very specific I must say). If you are using UML tools to generate class diagrams from the code (reverse engineering), most of the tools I believe will note the initialization of Example 1 and will transfer it to a diagram (if you prefer it to show the initial values, like I do). They will not take these initial values from Example 2. Again, this is a very specific reason - if you are working with UML tools, but once I learned that, I am trying to take all my default values outside of constructor unless, as was mentioned before, there is an issue of possible exception throwing or complicated logic.

第二个例子是惰性初始化。第一个是更简单的初始化，它们本质上是一样的。