我认为例2更可取。我认为最佳实践是在构造函数外部声明，并在构造函数中初始化。

这两种方法都可以接受。注意，在后一种情况下，如果存在另一个构造函数，b=new b()可能无法初始化。将构造函数外部的初始化器代码看作一个公共构造函数，代码将被执行。

第二种选择更可取，因为它允许在ctors中使用不同的逻辑进行类实例化，并使用ctors链接。如。

class A {
    int b;

    // secondary ctor
    A(String b) {
         this(Integer.valueOf(b));
    }

    // primary ctor
    A(int b) {
         this.b = b;
    }
}

所以第二种选择更加灵活。

另一种选择是使用依赖注入。

class A{
   B b;

   A(B b) {
      this.b = b;
   }
}

This removes the responsibility of creating the B object from the constructor of A. This will make your code more testable and easier to maintain in the long run. The idea is to reduce the coupling between the two classes A and B. A benefit that this gives you is that you can now pass any object that extends B (or implements B if it is an interface) to A's constructor and it will work. One disadvantage is that you give up encapsulation of the B object, so it is exposed to the caller of the A constructor. You'll have to consider if the benefits are worth this trade-off, but in many cases they are.

我今天以一种有趣的方式被烧伤了:

class MyClass extends FooClass {
    String a = null;

    public MyClass() {
        super();     // Superclass calls init();
    }

    @Override
    protected void init() {
        super.init();
        if (something)
            a = getStringYadaYada();
    }
}

看到错误了吗?结果是，在父类构造函数被调用之后才调用a = null初始化式。由于超类构造函数调用init()， a的初始化之后是a = null初始化。

我个人的“原则”(几乎从未被打破)是:

的开头声明所有变量 一块 使所有变量为final，除非它们 不能 每行声明一个变量 永远不要在某处初始化变量 宣布 只初始化a中的东西 构造函数时使用 的构造函数 初始化

我的代码是这样的:

public class X
{
    public static final int USED_AS_A_CASE_LABEL = 1; // only exception - the compiler makes me
    private static final int A;
    private final int b;
    private int c;

    static 
    { 
        A = 42; 
    }

    {
        b = 7;
    }

    public X(final int val)
    {
        c = val;
    }

    public void foo(final boolean f)
    {
        final int d;
        final int e;

        d = 7;

        // I will eat my own eyes before using ?: - personal taste.
        if(f)
        {
            e = 1;
        }
        else
        {
            e = 2;
        }
    }
}

This way I am always 100% certain where to look for variables declarations (at the start of a block), and their assignments (as soon as it makes sense after the declaration). This winds up potentially being more efficient as well since you never initialize a variable with a value that is not used (for example declare and init vars and then throw an exception before half of those vars needed to have a value). You also do not wind up doing pointless initialization (like int i = 0; and then later on, before "i" is used, do i = 5;.

我非常重视一致性，所以遵循这个“规则”是我一直在做的事情，它使处理代码变得更容易，因为你不需要到处寻找东西。

你的里程可能会有所不同。