其实很不一样:

声明发生在构建之前。因此，如果在两个位置都初始化了变量(本例中为b)，构造函数的初始化将取代在类级别所做的初始化。

所以在类级别声明变量，在构造函数中初始化它们。

第二个例子是惰性初始化。第一个是更简单的初始化，它们本质上是一样的。

我认为这几乎只是一个品味问题，只要初始化是简单的，不需要任何逻辑。

如果不使用初始化块，构造函数方法会更脆弱一些，因为如果稍后添加第二个构造函数而忘记在那里初始化b，则只有在使用最后一个构造函数时才会得到一个空b。

有关Java中初始化的更多细节，请参阅http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/javaOO/initial.html(以及关于初始化器块和其他不为人所知的初始化特性的解释)。

例2不太灵活。如果您添加了另一个构造函数，则需要记住在该构造函数中实例化字段。直接实例化字段，或者在getter中引入延迟加载。

如果实例化需要的不仅仅是一个简单的new，请使用初始化块。不管使用的构造函数是什么，这个函数都将运行。如。

public class A {
    private Properties properties;

    {
        try {
            properties = new Properties();
            properties.load(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("file.properties"));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new ConfigurationException("Failed to load properties file.", e); // It's a subclass of RuntimeException.
        }
    }

    // ...

}

There is one more subtle reason to initialize outside the constructor that no one has mentioned before (very specific I must say). If you are using UML tools to generate class diagrams from the code (reverse engineering), most of the tools I believe will note the initialization of Example 1 and will transfer it to a diagram (if you prefer it to show the initial values, like I do). They will not take these initial values from Example 2. Again, this is a very specific reason - if you are working with UML tools, but once I learned that, I am trying to take all my default values outside of constructor unless, as was mentioned before, there is an issue of possible exception throwing or complicated logic.

我个人的“原则”(几乎从未被打破)是:

的开头声明所有变量 一块 使所有变量为final，除非它们 不能 每行声明一个变量 永远不要在某处初始化变量 宣布 只初始化a中的东西 构造函数时使用 的构造函数 初始化

我的代码是这样的:

public class X
{
    public static final int USED_AS_A_CASE_LABEL = 1; // only exception - the compiler makes me
    private static final int A;
    private final int b;
    private int c;

    static 
    { 
        A = 42; 
    }

    {
        b = 7;
    }

    public X(final int val)
    {
        c = val;
    }

    public void foo(final boolean f)
    {
        final int d;
        final int e;

        d = 7;

        // I will eat my own eyes before using ?: - personal taste.
        if(f)
        {
            e = 1;
        }
        else
        {
            e = 2;
        }
    }
}

This way I am always 100% certain where to look for variables declarations (at the start of a block), and their assignments (as soon as it makes sense after the declaration). This winds up potentially being more efficient as well since you never initialize a variable with a value that is not used (for example declare and init vars and then throw an exception before half of those vars needed to have a value). You also do not wind up doing pointless initialization (like int i = 0; and then later on, before "i" is used, do i = 5;.

我非常重视一致性，所以遵循这个“规则”是我一直在做的事情，它使处理代码变得更容易，因为你不需要到处寻找东西。

你的里程可能会有所不同。