我的解决方案，它似乎可以在O(n)时间，因为哈希映射访问是O(1)，过滤器是O(n)。它还使用by闭包来选择按顺序区分元素的属性。

extension Sequence {

    func distinct<T: Hashable>(by: (Element) -> T) -> [Element] {
        var seen: [T: Bool] = [:]
        return self.filter { seen.updateValue(true, forKey: by($0)) == nil }
    }
}

让我提出一个类似于斯科特·加德纳的答案，但使用了更简洁的reduce语法。 此解决方案从自定义对象数组中删除重复项(保持初始顺序)

// Custom Struct. Can be also class. 
// Need to be `equitable` in order to use `contains` method below
struct CustomStruct : Equatable {
      let name: String
      let lastName : String
    }

// conform to Equatable protocol. feel free to change the logic of "equality"
func ==(lhs: CustomStruct, rhs: CustomStruct) -> Bool {
  return (lhs.name == rhs.name && lhs.lastName == rhs.lastName)
}

let categories = [CustomStruct(name: "name1", lastName: "lastName1"),
                  CustomStruct(name: "name2", lastName: "lastName1"),
                  CustomStruct(name: "name1", lastName: "lastName1")]
print(categories.count) // prints 3

// remove duplicates (and keep initial order of elements)
let uniq1 : [CustomStruct] = categories.reduce([]) { $0.contains($1) ? $0 : $0 + [$1] }
print(uniq1.count) // prints 2 - third element has removed

如果你想知道这个约简魔法是如何工作的，这里是完全相同的，只是使用了更扩展的约简语法

let uniq2 : [CustomStruct] = categories.reduce([]) { (result, category) in
  var newResult = result
  if (newResult.contains(category)) {}
  else {
    newResult.append(category)
  }
  return newResult
}
uniq2.count // prints 2 - third element has removed

你可以简单地复制粘贴这段代码到Swift Playground中。

为此，我做了一个尽可能简单的扩展。

extension Array where Element: Equatable {

    func containsHowMany(_ elem: Element) -> Int {
        return reduce(0) { $1 == elem ? $0 + 1 : $0 }
    }

    func duplicatesRemoved() -> Array {
        return self.filter { self.containsHowMany($0) == 1 }
    }

    mutating func removeDuplicates() {
        self = self.duplicatesRemoved(()
    }
}

您可以使用duplicatesRemoved()来获取一个新数组，它的重复元素将被删除，或者使用removeduplicate()来改变自身。看到的:

let arr = [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8]

let noDuplicates = arr.duplicatesRemoved()
print(arr) // [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8]
print(noDuplicates) // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

arr.removeDuplicates()
print(arr) // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

受https://www.swiftbysundell.com/posts/the-power-of-key-paths-in-swift的启发，我们可以声明一个更强大的工具，它能够过滤任何keyPath上的唯一性。感谢Alexander关于复杂性的各种答案的评论，下面的解决方案应该是最优的。

Non-mutating解决方案

我们扩展了一个函数，它可以过滤任意keyPath上的唯一性:

extension RangeReplaceableCollection {
    /// Returns a collection containing, in order, the first instances of
    /// elements of the sequence that compare equally for the keyPath.
    func unique<T: Hashable>(for keyPath: KeyPath<Element, T>) -> Self {
        var unique = Set<T>()
        return filter { unique.insert($0[keyPath: keyPath]).inserted }
    }
}

注意:在你的对象不符合RangeReplaceableCollection，但符合Sequence的情况下，你可以有这个额外的扩展，但返回类型将始终是一个数组:

extension Sequence {
    /// Returns an array containing, in order, the first instances of
    /// elements of the sequence that compare equally for the keyPath.
    func unique<T: Hashable>(for keyPath: KeyPath<Element, T>) -> [Element] {
        var unique = Set<T>()
        return filter { unique.insert($0[keyPath: keyPath]).inserted }
    }
}

使用

如果我们想要元素本身的唯一性，如问题中所示，我们使用keyPath \.self:

let a = [1, 4, 2, 2, 6, 24, 15, 2, 60, 15, 6]
let b = a.unique(for: \.self)
/* b is [1, 4, 2, 6, 24, 15, 60] */

如果我们想要其他东西的唯一性(比如对象集合的id)，那么我们使用我们选择的keyPath:

let a = [CGPoint(x: 1, y: 1), CGPoint(x: 2, y: 1), CGPoint(x: 1, y: 2)]
let b = a.unique(for: \.y)
/* b is [{x 1 y 1}, {x 1 y 2}] */

变异的解决方案

我们扩展了一个变异函数，它能够过滤任意keyPath上的唯一性:

extension RangeReplaceableCollection {
    /// Keeps only, in order, the first instances of
    /// elements of the collection that compare equally for the keyPath.
    mutating func uniqueInPlace<T: Hashable>(for keyPath: KeyPath<Element, T>) {
        var unique = Set<T>()
        removeAll { !unique.insert($0[keyPath: keyPath]).inserted }
    }
}

使用

如果我们想要元素本身的唯一性，如问题中所示，我们使用keyPath \.self:

var a = [1, 4, 2, 2, 6, 24, 15, 2, 60, 15, 6]
a.uniqueInPlace(for: \.self)
/* a is [1, 4, 2, 6, 24, 15, 60] */

如果我们想要其他东西的唯一性(比如对象集合的id)，那么我们使用我们选择的keyPath:

var a = [CGPoint(x: 1, y: 1), CGPoint(x: 2, y: 1), CGPoint(x: 1, y: 2)]
a.uniqueInPlace(for: \.y)
/* a is [{x 1 y 1}, {x 1 y 2}] */

像函数式程序员一样思考:)

要根据元素是否已经出现来筛选列表，需要索引。可以使用enumeration获取索引，并使用map返回值列表。

let unique = myArray
    .enumerated()
    .filter{ myArray.firstIndex(of: $0.1) == $0.0 }
    .map{ $0.1 }

这保证了秩序。如果你不介意顺序，那么Array(Set(myArray))的现有答案更简单，可能更有效。

更新:一些关于效率和正确性的注意事项

一些人对效率进行了评论。我肯定是先写正确而简单的代码，然后再找出瓶颈，尽管我知道这是否比Array(Set(Array))更清楚是有争议的。

这个方法比Array(Set(Array))慢很多。正如评论中所指出的，它确实保持了顺序，并对非Hashable的元素起作用。

然而，@Alain T的方法也保持了秩序，也快得多。所以除非你的元素类型是不可哈希的，或者你只是需要一个快速的一行，那么我建议采用他们的解决方案。

以下是MacBook Pro(2014)在Xcode 11.3.1 (Swift 5.1)发布模式下的一些测试。

profiler函数和两个比较方法:

func printTimeElapsed(title:String, operation:()->()) {
    var totalTime = 0.0
    for _ in (0..<1000) {
        let startTime = CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent()
        operation()
        let timeElapsed = CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() - startTime
        totalTime += timeElapsed
    }
    let meanTime = totalTime / 1000
    print("Mean time for \(title): \(meanTime) s")
}

func method1<T: Hashable>(_ array: Array<T>) -> Array<T> {
    return Array(Set(array))
}

func method2<T: Equatable>(_ array: Array<T>) -> Array<T>{
    return array
    .enumerated()
    .filter{ array.firstIndex(of: $0.1) == $0.0 }
    .map{ $0.1 }
}

// Alain T.'s answer (adapted)
func method3<T: Hashable>(_ array: Array<T>) -> Array<T> {
    var uniqueKeys = Set<T>()
    return array.filter{uniqueKeys.insert($0).inserted}
}

以及少量的测试输入:

func randomString(_ length: Int) -> String {
  let letters = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"
  return String((0..<length).map{ _ in letters.randomElement()! })
}

let shortIntList = (0..<100).map{_ in Int.random(in: 0..<100) }
let longIntList = (0..<10000).map{_ in Int.random(in: 0..<10000) }
let longIntListManyRepetitions = (0..<10000).map{_ in Int.random(in: 0..<100) }
let longStringList = (0..<10000).map{_ in randomString(1000)}
let longMegaStringList = (0..<10000).map{_ in randomString(10000)}

给出输出:

Mean time for method1 on shortIntList: 2.7358531951904296e-06 s
Mean time for method2 on shortIntList: 4.910230636596679e-06 s
Mean time for method3 on shortIntList: 6.417632102966309e-06 s
Mean time for method1 on longIntList: 0.0002518167495727539 s
Mean time for method2 on longIntList: 0.021718120217323302 s
Mean time for method3 on longIntList: 0.0005312927961349487 s
Mean time for method1 on longIntListManyRepetitions: 0.00014377200603485108 s
Mean time for method2 on longIntListManyRepetitions: 0.0007293639183044434 s
Mean time for method3 on longIntListManyRepetitions: 0.0001843773126602173 s
Mean time for method1 on longStringList: 0.007168249964714051 s
Mean time for method2 on longStringList: 0.9114790915250778 s
Mean time for method3 on longStringList: 0.015888616919517515 s
Mean time for method1 on longMegaStringList: 0.0525397013425827 s
Mean time for method2 on longMegaStringList: 1.111266262292862 s
Mean time for method3 on longMegaStringList: 0.11214958941936493 s

斯威夫特5

extension Sequence where Element: Hashable {
    func unique() -> [Element] {
        NSOrderedSet(array: self as! [Any]).array as! [Element]
    }
}