在.NET中,GetHashCode方法在整个.NET基类库的许多地方都使用。正确执行它对于在集合中或确定相等时快速查找项目尤为重要。

对于如何为自定义类实现GetHashCode,是否有标准算法或最佳实践,以便不会降低性能?


当前回答

如果您想从netstandard2.1中polyfill HashCode

public static class HashCode
{
    public static int Combine(params object[] instances)
    {
        int hash = 17;

        foreach (var i in instances)
        {
            hash = unchecked((hash * 31) + (i?.GetHashCode() ?? 0));
        }

        return hash;
    }
}

注意:如果与struct一起使用,它将由于装箱而分配内存

其他回答

这是我的哈希码助手。它的优点是它使用泛型类型参数,因此不会导致装箱:

public static class HashHelper
{
    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)
    {
         unchecked
         {
             return 31 * arg1.GetHashCode() + arg2.GetHashCode();
         }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2, T3>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = 31 * hash + arg2.GetHashCode();
            return 31 * hash + arg3.GetHashCode();
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2, T3, T4>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3, 
        T4 arg4)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = 31 * hash + arg2.GetHashCode();
            hash = 31 * hash + arg3.GetHashCode();
            return 31 * hash + arg4.GetHashCode();
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T>(T[] list)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = 0;
            foreach (var item in list)
            {
                hash = 31 * hash + item.GetHashCode();
            }
            return hash;
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T>(IEnumerable<T> list)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = 0;
            foreach (var item in list)
            {
                hash = 31 * hash + item.GetHashCode();
            }
            return hash;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a hashcode for a collection for that the order of items 
    /// does not matter.
    /// So {1, 2, 3} and {3, 2, 1} will get same hash code.
    /// </summary>
    public static int GetHashCodeForOrderNoMatterCollection<T>(
        IEnumerable<T> list)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = 0;
            int count = 0;
            foreach (var item in list)
            {
                hash += item.GetHashCode();
                count++;
            }
            return 31 * hash + count.GetHashCode();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Alternative way to get a hashcode is to use a fluent 
    /// interface like this:<br />
    /// return 0.CombineHashCode(field1).CombineHashCode(field2).
    ///     CombineHashCode(field3);
    /// </summary>
    public static int CombineHashCode<T>(this int hashCode, T arg)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            return 31 * hashCode + arg.GetHashCode();   
        }
    }

此外,它还具有扩展方法来提供流畅的界面,因此您可以这样使用它:

public override int GetHashCode()
{
    return HashHelper.GetHashCode(Manufacturer, PartN, Quantity);
}

或者像这样:

public override int GetHashCode()
{
    return 0.CombineHashCode(Manufacturer)
        .CombineHashCode(PartN)
        .CombineHashCode(Quantity);
}

我在Helper库中有一个Hashing类,用于此目的。

/// <summary> 
/// This is a simple hashing function from Robert Sedgwicks Hashing in C book.
/// Also, some simple optimizations to the algorithm in order to speed up
/// its hashing process have been added. from: www.partow.net
/// </summary>
/// <param name="input">array of objects, parameters combination that you need
/// to get a unique hash code for them</param>
/// <returns>Hash code</returns>
public static int RSHash(params object[] input)
{
    const int b = 378551;
    int a = 63689;
    int hash = 0;

    // If it overflows then just wrap around
    unchecked
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; i++)
        {
            if (input[i] != null)
            {
                hash = hash * a + input[i].GetHashCode();
                a = a * b;
            }
        }
    }

    return hash;
}

然后,只需将其用作:

public override int GetHashCode()
{
    return Hashing.RSHash(_field1, _field2, _field3);
}

我没有评估它的表现,所以欢迎任何反馈。

可以尝试采用C++Boost库的方法。类似于:

class HashUtil
{
  public static int HashCombine(int seed, int other)
  {
    unchecked
    {
      return other + 0x9e3779b9 + (seed << 6) + (seed >> 2);
    }
  }
}

然后:

class MyClass
{
  private string _field1;
  private int _field2;
  private AnotherClass _field3;
  private YetAnotherClass _field4;

  public override int GetHashCode()
  {
    int result = HashUtil.HashCombine(_field1.GetHashCode(), _field2);
    result = HashUtil.HashCombine(result, _field3.GetHashCode());
    return HashUtil.HashCombine(result, _field4.GetHashCode());
  }
}

在Equals()比较多个字段的大多数情况下,GetHash()对一个字段或多个字段进行散列并不重要。您只需确保计算哈希值非常便宜(请不要分配)和快速(没有繁重的计算,当然也没有数据库连接),并提供良好的分布。

重型起吊应是Equals()方法的一部分;哈希应该是一个非常便宜的操作,以便能够对尽可能少的项目调用Equal()。

最后一个提示:不要依赖GetHashCode()在多个应用程序运行中保持稳定。许多.Net类型不能保证它们的哈希代码在重新启动后保持不变,因此只能对内存中的数据结构使用GetHashCode()的值。

微软引领了几种哈希方法。。。

//for classes that contain a single int value
return this.value;

//for classes that contain multiple int value
return x ^ y;

//for classes that contain single number bigger than int    
return ((int)value ^ (int)(value >> 32)); 

//for classes that contain class instance fields which inherit from object
return obj1.GetHashCode();

//for classes that contain multiple class instance fields which inherit from object
return obj1.GetHashCode() ^ obj2.GetHashCode() ^ obj3.GetHashCode(); 

我可以猜测,对于多个大整数,您可以使用这个:

int a=((int)value1 ^ (int)(value1 >> 32));
int b=((int)value2 ^ (int)(value2 >> 32));
int c=((int)value3 ^ (int)(value3 >> 32));
return a ^ b ^ c;

对于多类型也是如此:首先使用GetHashCode()将所有类型转换为int然后int值将被xor'ed,结果是您的哈希值。

对于那些使用哈希作为ID(我的意思是一个唯一的值)的人来说,哈希自然被限制在数字个数,我认为哈希算法是5个字节,至少是MD5。

您可以将多个值转换为哈希值,其中一些值是相同的,因此不要将其用作标识符。(也许有一天我会使用你的组件)