简单地说，硬链接:就是给一个文件添加一个新的名字，也就是说，一个文件可以同时有很多名字，所有的名字都是相等的，没有一个是优先的，硬链接并不是指复制文件的所有内容，并不是说创建一个新的文件，它只是创建一个可供选择的名字。

符号链接(symlink):是指向另一个文件的文件指针，如果符号链接指向一个已存在的文件，但该文件稍后被删除，则符号链接将继续指向相同的文件名，即使该文件名不再命名任何文件。

我对使用的两点看法:

软链接可以用来缩短长路径名，例如:

ln -s /long/folder/name/on/long/path/file.txt /short/file.txt

对/short/file.txt所做的更改将应用于原始文件。

硬链接可以用来移动大文件:

$ ls -lh /myapp/dev/
total 10G
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 10G May 22 12:09 application.bin

ln /myapp/dev/application.bin /myapp/prd/application.bin

即时复制到不同的文件夹，原始文件(在/myapp/dev上)可以移动或删除，而不会触及/myapp/prd上的文件

当原始文件被移动时，硬链接非常有用。例如，将文件从/bin移动到/usr/bin或/usr/local/bin。到/bin中文件的任何符号链接都将被破坏，但是硬链接(直接到文件的inode的链接)不会关心。

硬链接可能占用更少的磁盘空间，因为它们只占用一个目录条目，而符号链接需要自己的inode来存储它所指向的名称。

Hard links also take less time to resolve - symlinks can point to other symlinks that are in symlinked directories. And some of these could be on NFS or other high-latency file systems, and so could result in network traffic to resolve. Hard links, being always on the same file system, are always resolved in a single look-up, and never involve network latency (if it's a hardlink on an NFS filesystem, the NFS server would do the resolution, and it would be invisible to the client system). Sometimes this is important. Not for me, but I can imagine high-performance systems where this might be important.

I also think things like mmap(2) and even open(2) use the same functionality as hardlinks to keep a file's inode active so that even if the file gets unlink(2)ed, the inode remains to allow the process continued access, and only once the process closes it does the file really go away. This allows for much safer temporary files (if you can get the open and unlink to happen atomically, which there may be a POSIX API for that I'm not remembering, then you really have a safe temporary file) where you can read/write your data without anyone being able to access it. Well, that was true before /proc gave everyone the ability to look at your file descriptors, but that's another story.

说到这里，恢复一个在进程a中打开，但在文件系统中未链接的文件需要使用硬链接来重新创建inode链接，这样当打开该文件的进程关闭或离开时，该文件不会消失。

我刚刚发现了一个简单的方法来理解硬链接在一个常见的场景，软件安装。

有一天，我下载了一个软件到下载文件夹进行安装。在我做sudo make install后，一些可执行文件被cped到本地bin文件夹。这里，cp创建硬链接。我对这个软件很满意，但很快就意识到，从长远来看，下载并不是一个好地方。所以我把软件文件夹移动到源目录。好吧，我仍然可以像以前一样运行软件而不用担心任何目标链接的事情，就像在Windows中一样。这意味着硬链接可以直接找到inode和其他文件。

从MSDN,

符号链接

A symbolic link is a file-system object that points to another file system object. The object being pointed to is called the target. Symbolic links are transparent to users; the links appear as normal files or directories, and can be acted upon by the user or application in exactly the same manner. Symbolic links are designed to aid in migration and application compatibility with UNIX operating systems. Microsoft has implemented its symbolic links to function just like UNIX links. Symbolic links can either be absolute or relative links. Absolute links are links that specify each portion of the path name; relative links are determined relative to where relative–link specifiers are in a specified path

绝对符号链接的一个例子

X: "C:\alpha\beta\absLink\gamma\file"
Link: "absLink" maps to "\\machineB\share"
Modified Path: "\\machineB\share\gamma\file"

一个相对符号链接的例子

X: C:\alpha\beta\link\gamma\file
Link: "link" maps to "..\..\theta"
Modified Path: "C:\alpha\beta\..\..\theta\gamma\file"
Final Path: "C:\theta\gamma\file"

硬链接

硬链接是文件的文件系统表示形式 多个路径引用同一个卷中的单个文件。

要在windows中创建硬链接，请导航到要创建链接的位置并输入以下命令:

mklink /H Link_name target_path

请注意，您可以以任何顺序删除硬链接，而不管它们是按什么顺序创建的。同时，硬链接不能创建时

引用位于不同的本地驱动器中 参考包括网络驱动器。换句话说，其中一个引用是一个网络驱动器 要创建的硬链接与目标在同一路径

结

NTFS支持另一种称为结的链接类型。MSDN对它的定义如下:

连接(也称为软链接)与硬链接的不同之处在于，它引用的存储对象是单独的目录，并且连接可以链接位于同一计算机上不同本地卷上的目录。否则，连接与硬链接的操作相同。

硬链接部分和结节部分的粗体部分显示了两者的基本区别。

命令在窗口中创建一个连接，导航到要创建链接的位置，然后输入:

mklink /J link_name target_path

What you think of as an ordinary "file" is actually two separate things: The data of a file, and a directory entry. When you create a hard link for a file, you actually create a second directory entry which refers to the same data. Both directory entries have the exact same functionality; each one can be used to open the file to read it. So you don't really have "a file plus a hard link", you have "file data with two directory entries". What you think of as deleting a file actually deletes a directory entry, and when the last directory entry for the data is deleted, then the data itself is deleted as well. For ordinary files that have only one directory entry, deleting the directory entry will delete the data as always. (While a file is opened, the OS creates a temporary link to the file, so even when you delete all directory entries, the data stays but disappears as soon as you close the file).

例如，创建文件a .txt，硬链接B.txt，然后删除a .txt。当您创建a .txt时，会创建一些数据，并创建一个目录条目a .txt。在创建硬链接时，创建了另一个目录条目B.txt，指向完全相同的数据。当您删除a .txt时，您仍然拥有所有数据和一个目录条目B.txt，就像您首先创建了一个文件B.txt一样。

软链接只是一个(几乎)普通的文件，只是它不包含数据，而是另一个目录条目的路径。如果你删除了软链接所指向的文件，那么软链接将包含一个不再指向目录条目的路径;它坏了。如果你删除软链接，就像删除任何其他文件一样，它指向的文件不受影响。