当原始文件被移动时，硬链接非常有用。例如，将文件从/bin移动到/usr/bin或/usr/local/bin。到/bin中文件的任何符号链接都将被破坏，但是硬链接(直接到文件的inode的链接)不会关心。

硬链接可能占用更少的磁盘空间，因为它们只占用一个目录条目，而符号链接需要自己的inode来存储它所指向的名称。

Hard links also take less time to resolve - symlinks can point to other symlinks that are in symlinked directories. And some of these could be on NFS or other high-latency file systems, and so could result in network traffic to resolve. Hard links, being always on the same file system, are always resolved in a single look-up, and never involve network latency (if it's a hardlink on an NFS filesystem, the NFS server would do the resolution, and it would be invisible to the client system). Sometimes this is important. Not for me, but I can imagine high-performance systems where this might be important.

I also think things like mmap(2) and even open(2) use the same functionality as hardlinks to keep a file's inode active so that even if the file gets unlink(2)ed, the inode remains to allow the process continued access, and only once the process closes it does the file really go away. This allows for much safer temporary files (if you can get the open and unlink to happen atomically, which there may be a POSIX API for that I'm not remembering, then you really have a safe temporary file) where you can read/write your data without anyone being able to access it. Well, that was true before /proc gave everyone the ability to look at your file descriptors, but that's another story.

说到这里，恢复一个在进程a中打开，但在文件系统中未链接的文件需要使用硬链接来重新创建inode链接，这样当打开该文件的进程关闭或离开时，该文件不会消失。

在文件系统下面，文件由inode表示。(或者是多个索引节点?不确定。)

文件系统中的文件基本上是一个到inode的链接。 因此，硬链接只是创建另一个文件，该文件具有指向相同底层inode的链接。

当您删除一个文件时，它会删除到底层inode的一个链接。只有当到inode的所有链接都被删除时，inode才会被删除(或可删除/可覆盖)。

符号链接是指向文件系统中另一个名称的链接。

一旦建立了硬链接，链接就指向inode。删除、重命名或移动原始文件不会影响硬链接，因为它链接到底层inode。对inode上数据的任何更改都反映在引用该inode的所有文件中。

注意:硬链接只在同一个文件系统内有效。符号链接可以跨文件系统，因为它们只是另一个文件的名称。

符号链接链接到路径名。它可以在系统文件树中的任何位置，甚至在创建链接时不需要存在。目标路径可以是相对路径，也可以是绝对路径。

硬链接是指向inode的附加指针，这意味着它们只能存在于与目标相同的卷上。到文件的附加硬链接与用于引用文件的“原始”名称难以区分。

我刚刚发现了一个简单的方法来理解硬链接在一个常见的场景，软件安装。

有一天，我下载了一个软件到下载文件夹进行安装。在我做sudo make install后，一些可执行文件被cped到本地bin文件夹。这里，cp创建硬链接。我对这个软件很满意，但很快就意识到，从长远来看，下载并不是一个好地方。所以我把软件文件夹移动到源目录。好吧，我仍然可以像以前一样运行软件而不用担心任何目标链接的事情，就像在Windows中一样。这意味着硬链接可以直接找到inode和其他文件。

简单地说，硬链接:就是给一个文件添加一个新的名字，也就是说，一个文件可以同时有很多名字，所有的名字都是相等的，没有一个是优先的，硬链接并不是指复制文件的所有内容，并不是说创建一个新的文件，它只是创建一个可供选择的名字。

符号链接(symlink):是指向另一个文件的文件指针，如果符号链接指向一个已存在的文件，但该文件稍后被删除，则符号链接将继续指向相同的文件名，即使该文件名不再命名任何文件。

当原始文件被移动时，硬链接非常有用。例如，将文件从/bin移动到/usr/bin或/usr/local/bin。到/bin中文件的任何符号链接都将被破坏，但是硬链接(直接到文件的inode的链接)不会关心。

硬链接可能占用更少的磁盘空间，因为它们只占用一个目录条目，而符号链接需要自己的inode来存储它所指向的名称。

Hard links also take less time to resolve - symlinks can point to other symlinks that are in symlinked directories. And some of these could be on NFS or other high-latency file systems, and so could result in network traffic to resolve. Hard links, being always on the same file system, are always resolved in a single look-up, and never involve network latency (if it's a hardlink on an NFS filesystem, the NFS server would do the resolution, and it would be invisible to the client system). Sometimes this is important. Not for me, but I can imagine high-performance systems where this might be important.

I also think things like mmap(2) and even open(2) use the same functionality as hardlinks to keep a file's inode active so that even if the file gets unlink(2)ed, the inode remains to allow the process continued access, and only once the process closes it does the file really go away. This allows for much safer temporary files (if you can get the open and unlink to happen atomically, which there may be a POSIX API for that I'm not remembering, then you really have a safe temporary file) where you can read/write your data without anyone being able to access it. Well, that was true before /proc gave everyone the ability to look at your file descriptors, but that's another story.

说到这里，恢复一个在进程a中打开，但在文件系统中未链接的文件需要使用硬链接来重新创建inode链接，这样当打开该文件的进程关闭或离开时，该文件不会消失。