最近我在一次工作面试中被问到这个问题。我诚实地说,我知道符号链接的行为和如何创建一个,但不了解硬链接的使用,以及它与符号链接的区别。


当前回答

当原始文件被移动时,硬链接非常有用。例如,将文件从/bin移动到/usr/bin或/usr/local/bin。到/bin中文件的任何符号链接都将被破坏,但是硬链接(直接到文件的inode的链接)不会关心。

硬链接可能占用更少的磁盘空间,因为它们只占用一个目录条目,而符号链接需要自己的inode来存储它所指向的名称。

Hard links also take less time to resolve - symlinks can point to other symlinks that are in symlinked directories. And some of these could be on NFS or other high-latency file systems, and so could result in network traffic to resolve. Hard links, being always on the same file system, are always resolved in a single look-up, and never involve network latency (if it's a hardlink on an NFS filesystem, the NFS server would do the resolution, and it would be invisible to the client system). Sometimes this is important. Not for me, but I can imagine high-performance systems where this might be important.

I also think things like mmap(2) and even open(2) use the same functionality as hardlinks to keep a file's inode active so that even if the file gets unlink(2)ed, the inode remains to allow the process continued access, and only once the process closes it does the file really go away. This allows for much safer temporary files (if you can get the open and unlink to happen atomically, which there may be a POSIX API for that I'm not remembering, then you really have a safe temporary file) where you can read/write your data without anyone being able to access it. Well, that was true before /proc gave everyone the ability to look at your file descriptors, but that's another story.

说到这里,恢复一个在进程a中打开,但在文件系统中未链接的文件需要使用硬链接来重新创建inode链接,这样当打开该文件的进程关闭或离开时,该文件不会消失。

其他回答

硬链接是Unix,它在Unix和Linux中都是旧的,但符号链接在Linux中是新的。

硬链接inode与原始文件inode相同。但是symbolik链接索引节点不同于原始文件索引节点。

硬链接文件的字节大小与原始文件的字节大小相同。但是符号链接文件的字节大小不像原始文件的字节大小。符号链接文件大小小于原始文件大小。

硬链接是原始文件的镜像副本。符号链接或软链接就像窗口中的快捷方式。

如果您删除原始文件,硬链接将保留其文件,您可以看到硬链接文件的内容。在符号链接中,如果删除原始文件,其符号链接将断开,符号链接仍然保留,但不能显示符号链接内容。

符号链接是新的,它有很多特点,但硬链接是旧的,这就是为什么它有较少的特点。

让我们用终端做一些硬的和象征性的链接: Echo“为什么这么严重”> file.txt

硬链接: Ln file.txt file_hard

symbolick链接: Ln -s file.txt file_sym

让我们看看inode的内容: ls李津

一些例子可能会有所帮助。

创建两个包含数据的文件:

$ printf Cat > foo
$ printf Dog > bar

创建一个硬链接和软链接(又名符号链接):

$ ln foo foo-hard
$ ln -s bar bar-soft

通过增加大小以长格式列出目录内容:

ls -lrS
lrwxr-xr-x   1 user  staff        3  3 Apr 15:25 bar-soft -> bar
-rw-r--r--   2 user  staff        4  3 Apr 15:25 foo-hard
-rw-r--r--   2 user  staff        4  3 Apr 15:25 foo
-rw-r--r--   1 user  staff        4  3 Apr 15:25 bar

这告诉我们

1st column: the file mode for the soft and hard links differ soft link: lrwxr-xr-x filetype: l = symbolic link owner permissions: rwx = readable, writable, executable group permissions: r-x = readable, not writable, executable other permissions: r-x = readable, not writable, executable hard link: -rw-r--r-- filetype: - = regular file owner permissions: rw- = readable, writable, not executable group permissions: r-- = readable, not writable, not executable other permissions: r-- = readable, not writable, not executable 2nd column: number of links is higher for the hard linked files 5th column: the size of the soft link is smaller, because it's a reference as opposed to a copy last column: the symbolic link shows the linked-to file via ->

更改foo的文件名不会影响foo-hard:

$ mv foo foo-new
$ cat foo-hard
Cat

更改foo的内容反映在foo-hard中:

$ printf Dog >> foo
$ cat foo-hard
CatDog

像foo-hard这样的硬链接指向文件的inode(内容)。

这不是像bar-soft这样的软链接的情况:

$ mv bar bar-new
$ ls bar-soft
bar-soft
$ cat bar-soft  
cat: bar-soft: No such file or directory

无法找到文件的内容,因为软链接指向已更改的名称,而不是指向内容。

同样地,如果foo被删除,foo-hard仍然保存内容;如果bar被删除,bar-soft只是一个指向不存在文件的链接。

What you think of as an ordinary "file" is actually two separate things: The data of a file, and a directory entry. When you create a hard link for a file, you actually create a second directory entry which refers to the same data. Both directory entries have the exact same functionality; each one can be used to open the file to read it. So you don't really have "a file plus a hard link", you have "file data with two directory entries". What you think of as deleting a file actually deletes a directory entry, and when the last directory entry for the data is deleted, then the data itself is deleted as well. For ordinary files that have only one directory entry, deleting the directory entry will delete the data as always. (While a file is opened, the OS creates a temporary link to the file, so even when you delete all directory entries, the data stays but disappears as soon as you close the file).

例如,创建文件a .txt,硬链接B.txt,然后删除a .txt。当您创建a .txt时,会创建一些数据,并创建一个目录条目a .txt。在创建硬链接时,创建了另一个目录条目B.txt,指向完全相同的数据。当您删除a .txt时,您仍然拥有所有数据和一个目录条目B.txt,就像您首先创建了一个文件B.txt一样。

软链接只是一个(几乎)普通的文件,只是它不包含数据,而是另一个目录条目的路径。如果你删除了软链接所指向的文件,那么软链接将包含一个不再指向目录条目的路径;它坏了。如果你删除软链接,就像删除任何其他文件一样,它指向的文件不受影响。

另外:

硬链接的读取性能优于符号链接(微性能) 符号链接可以被复制,版本控制,等等。换句话说,它们是一个实际的文件。另一方面,硬链接的级别略低,您会发现,与符号链接相比,提供将硬链接作为硬链接而不是普通文件处理的工具较少

软链接:

软的或象征性的更像是原始文件....的捷径如果您删除原始的快捷方式失败,如果您只删除快捷方式,原始的不会发生任何变化。

软链接语法:ln -s Pathof_Target_file链接

输出:link -> ./Target_file

证明:readlink链接 同样,在ls -l链接输出中,您将看到lrwxrwxrwx中的第一个字母为l,这表明该文件是一个软链接。

删除链路:unlink链路

注意:如果你愿意,你的软链接即使从当前目录移动到其他地方也可以工作。在创建软链接时,请确保您给出的是绝对路径而不是相对路径。即(从/root/user/Target_file开始,而不是。/Target_file)

硬链接:

硬链接更多的是镜像副本或同一文件的多条路径。对file1做一些操作,它就会出现在文件2中。 删除一个仍然可以保留另一个。

inode(或文件)只有在所有(硬)链接或(同一文件)inode的所有路径都已删除时才会被删除。

一旦创建了硬链接,该链接就具有原始文件的inode。删除重命名或移动原始文件不会影响硬链接,因为它链接到底层inode。对inode上数据的任何更改都反映在引用该inode的所有文件中。

硬链接语法:ln Target_file链接

输出:将创建一个名称为link的文件,其索引节点号与Targetfile相同。

证明:ls -i link Target_file(检查它们的索引节点)

删除链接:rm -f link(像删除普通文件一样删除链接)

注意:符号链接可以跨文件系统,因为它们只是另一个文件的名称。而硬链接只在同一个文件系统中有效。

符号链接有一些硬链接所没有的特性:

Hard link point to the file content. while Soft link points to the file name. while size of hard link is the size of the content while soft link is having the file name size. Hard links share the same inode. Soft links do not. Hard links can't cross file systems. Soft links do. you know immediately where a symbolic link points to while with hard links, you need to explore the whole file system to find files sharing the same inode. # find / -inum 517333 /home/bobbin/sync.sh /root/synchro hard-links cannot point to directories.

硬链接有两个限制:

目录不支持硬链接。Linux不允许这样维护目录的非循环树结构。 不能跨文件系统创建硬链接。这两个文件必须在相同的文件系统上,因为不同的文件系统有不同的独立的inode表(两个文件在不同的文件系统上,但是具有相同的inode号将是不同的)。